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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition of ultracold atoms in optical lattice

T. A. Zaleski, T. K. Kopeć

Published Feb 28, 2017• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We study the behavior of interacting ultracold bosons in a two-dimensional optical lattice described by the Bose–Hubbard (BH) model. We apply the quantum rotor approach to reduce the BH model to a (semiclassical) effective Hamiltonian in which the phases of local order parameters play the role of dynamical variables. This leads to the effective quantum XY model, which is used to calculate the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition temperature T BKT as a function of model parameters. We find that T BKT is monotonically dependent on the kinetic energy of atoms and the value of the chemical potential.

DOI
10.1088/1361-6455/aa6371

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Abstract We study the behavior of interacting ultracold bosons in a two-dimensional optical lattice described by the Bose–Hubbard (BH) model. We apply the quantum rotor approach to reduce the BH model to a (semiclassical) effective Hamiltonian in which the phases of local order parameters play the role of dynamical variables. This leads to the effective quantum XY model, which is used to calculate the Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition temperature T BKT as a function of model parameters. We find that T BKT is monotonically dependent on the kinetic energy of atoms and the value of the chemical potential.
We study the universal critical behavior of two-dimensional (2D) lattice bosonic gases at the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition, which separates the low-temperature superfluid phase from the high-temperature normal phase. For this purpose, we perform quantum Monte Carlo simulations of the hard-core Bose-Hubbard (BH) model at zero chemical potential. We determine the critical temperature by using a matching method that relates finite-size data for the BH model with corresponding data computed in the classical XYXYXY model. In this approach, the neglected scaling corrections decay as inverse powers of the lattice size LLL, and not as powers of 1/lnL1/\mathrm{ln}L1/lnL, as in more standard approaches, making the estimate of the critical temperature much more reliable. Then, we consider the BH model in the presence of a trapping harmonic potential, and we verify the universality of the trap-size dependence at the BKT critical point. This issue is relevant for experiments with quasi-2D trapped cold atoms.
We discuss the finite-temperature phase diagram in the three-dimensional Bose–Hubbard (BH) model in the strong correlation regime, relevant for Bose–Einstein condensates in optical lattices, by employing a quantum rotor approach. In systems with strong on-site repulsive interactions, the rotor U (1) phase variable dual to the local boson density emerges as an important collective field. After establishing the connection between the rotor construction and the on-site interaction in the BH model a robust effective action formalism is developed which allows us to study the superfluid phase transition in various temperature-interaction regimes.
We discuss the finite-temperature properties of Bose-Einstein condensates loaded on a 2D optical lattice. In an experimentally attainable range of parameters the system is described by the XY model, which undergoes a Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition driven by the vortex pair unbinding. The interference pattern of the expanding condensates provides the experimental signature of the BKT transition: near the critical temperature, the k=0 component of the momentum distribution sharply decreases.
Following a novel experimental arrangement which can rotate a two-dimensional optical lattice at frequencies up to several kilohertz we discuss the ground state of the two-dimensional Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian, relevant for rotating gaseous Bose-Einstein condensates, by employing U(1) quantum rotor approach and the topologically constrained path integral.Ultracold atoms in such a rotating lattice can be used for the direct quantum simulation of strongly correlated systems under large effective magnetic fields.We derive an effective quantum action for the Bose-Hubbard model, which enables a non-perturbative treatment of the zero-temperature phase transition in the rotating frame.We calculate the ground-state phase diagram, analytically deriving maximum repulsive energy for several rational values of the frustration rotation parameter f = 0, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4, and 1/6 for the square and triangular lattice.Performed calculations revealed strong non-monotonical dependence of the critical ratio of the kinetic energy to the repulsive on-site energy, that separates the global coherent from the insulating state, on topology of the lattice.
In this work we investigate the unique properties of ultracold Bose gases in one and two dimensions. In two dimensions, we present simulations of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) phase transition using the projected Gross-Pitaevskii equation formalism. We confirm the presence of the BKT phase by observing algebraic decay in the first-order correlation function, unbinding of vortex pairs, and behaviour of the superfluid fraction. In one dimension we use a transverse Gaussian ansatz and the Lagrangian approach to derive an effective equation of motion for the one dimensional Bose gas at zero temperature.