We use a non-gauge-invariant modification of the exact Hamiltonian to obtain a new Hamiltonian-like operator for a simple exactly solvable boson model. The eigenvalues of the new operator are close to those of the original Hamiltonian. We make a one-body approximation of the new two-body operator in the spirit of the Bogoliubov approximation. Because only the number operator appears, the c-number approximation is not required individually for the creation or annihilation operators in the ground state. For the simple model, the results using the new approximation are closer to the exact results than the usual Bogoliubov results over a wide range of parameters. The improvement increases dramatically as the model interaction strength increases.
We use a non-gauge-invariant modification of the exact Hamiltonian to obtain a new Hamiltonian-like operator for a simple exactly solvable boson model. The eigenvalues of the new operator are close to those of the original Hamiltonian. We make a one-body approximation of the new two-body operator in the spirit of the Bogoliubov approximation. Because only the number operator appears, the c-number approximation is not required individually for the creation or annihilation operators in the ground state. For the simple model, the results using the new approximation are closer to the exact results than the usual Bogoliubov results over a wide range of parameters. The improvement increases dramatically as the model interaction strength increases.
A simple model of a boson system is considered for which the exact Schr\"odinger equation reduces to a difference equation which can be solved numerically. Application of the Bogoliubov method and comparison of its results with the numerical results then yield some insight into the validity of the Bogoliubov approximations. The simple model considered has, in the absence of interactions, only a zero energy state and two states of unit energy available to each boson. Initially there is assumed to be no interaction between bosons in the degenerate excited states and all existing interactions are assumed to be repulsive. The ground-state energy is calculated in the Bogoliubov approximation, with and without the depletion effect considered, and in another numerical approximation. These results and the results of the numerical solution of the exact Schr\"odinger equation converge to the Bogoliubov result with depletion ignored when the number of particles in the system approaches infinity. It is surprising to note that, for the interaction strengths considered, the Bogoliubov result is within 3% of the numerical result for as few as 32 particles in the system, and within 10% for only 4 particles. A modification of the above system is considered in which there exists an additional two-body interaction between particles in the degenerate excited states which may be attractive or repulsive. It is shown that the ground-state energy, with this additional interaction present, deviates from the Bogoliubov value linearly with the strength of the added interaction, i.e., $W={W}_{\mathrm{Bog}}+\ensuremath{\alpha}F$ (with F the strength parameter of the interaction). The factor $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is found to be small and constant over a wide range of F and in this range the deviation of W from the Bogoliubov value is small. There is, however, a transition point FT, beyond which $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is constant and large and the usual Bogoliubov approximation is invalid for interactions more attractive than that characterized by FT. A Bogoliubov-like approximation is shown to be quite accurate in this region. It is then shown that $F_{T}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ is a linear function of the number of particles in the system.
The Bassichis–Foldy model of a simple interacting boson is solved numerically and the results are compared with those obtained by the Bogoliubov approximation and by the Brueckner–Sawada t-matrix formalism. In the normal region, contrary to the widely held view, the Brueckner–Sawada approximation for the energy of the ground state is not reliable for strong, well-behaved, repulsive forces. The Bogoliubov approximation, on the other hand, remains valid for a wide range of values of the coupling constant. In the inverted region, the attractive force causes a population inversion in the levels of the system. For this case a modified Brueckner–Sawada approximation is developed. This method is applied to the calculation of the transition point and the energies of the ground and the first excited states of the system. Here most of the predictions of the modified Brueckner–Sawada approximation are quite accurate. By a simple change in the Bassichis–Foldy model it is shown that even, for two bosons there can be a phase transition. In this model, the derivative of the ground state energy with respect to the coupling constant is discontinuous at the transition point.
As is well-known, in the conventional formulation of Bogoliubov's theory of an interacting Bose gas, the Hamiltonian is written as a decoupled sum of contributions from different momenta of the form . Then, each of the single-mode Hamiltonians is diagonalized separately, and the resulting ground state wavefunction of the total Hamiltonian is written as a simple product of the ground state wavefunctions of each of the single-mode Hamiltonians . While this way of diagonalizing the total Hamiltonian may seem to be valid from the perspective of the standard, number non-conserving Bogoliubov's method, where the k = 0 state is removed from the Hilbert space and hence the individual Hilbert spaces where the Hamiltonians {} are diagonalized are disjoint from one another, we argue that from a number-conserving perspective this diagonalization method may not be adequate since the true Hilbert spaces where the Hamiltonians {} should be diagonalized all have the k = 0 state in common, and hence the ground state wavefunction of the total Hamiltonian may not be written as a simple product of the ground state wavefunctions of the 's. In this paper, we give a thorough review of Bogoliubov's method, and discuss a variational and number-conserving formulation of this theory in which the k = 0 state is restored to the Hilbert space of the interacting gas, and where, instead of diagonalizing the Hamiltonians separately, we diagonalize the total Hamiltonian . When this is done, we find that the ground state energy is lowered below the Bogoliubov result, and the depletion of bosons is significantly reduced with respect to the one obtained in the number non-conserving treatment. We also find that the spectrum of the usual αk excitations of Bogoliubov's method changes from a gapless one, as predicted by the standard, number non-conserving formulation of this theory, to one which exhibits a finite gap in the k → 0 limit. We discuss the presence of a gap in the spectrum of the αk's in light of Goldstone's theorem, and show that there is no contradiction with the latter.
A many-boson model is formulated and expressions for its exact eigenstates and energies are obtained for both an arbitrary finite and an infinite number of bosons. The Hamiltonian of the model contains interactions between bosons whose momenta have equal magnitudes but opposite directions. The matrix elements of this interaction are taken to be a constant over a range of momenta surrounding k = 0. The ground state of the 2N-particle system is shown to be a product of N pair-creation operators acting on the vacuum state. Each of these pair-creation operators depends upon one of N parameters which are called pair energies. The N pair energies are shown to satisfy a coupled system of nonlinear algebraic equations. The energy of the state is the sum of the pair energies and the occupation probabilities of the single-particle levels are given as simple functions of the pair energies. Similar results are derived for the excited states of the system and for the states of an odd number of particles. These results are valid for both a repulsive and an attractive interaction, since they only depend upon the form of the interaction. The equations are solved algebraically for two model systems. The first of these is one whose single-particle kinetic energy takes on only one value. The equations for this system are solved for an arbitrary interaction strength and it is shown that the pair energies are proportional to the zeros of certain Laguerre polynomials. The second system is one in which the single-particle kinetic energy can take on two values. The equations for this system are solved in the strong repulsive-interaction limit and it is shown that the pair energies are proportional to the zeros of certain Jacobi polynomials. The excitation energies of this second system are shown to be proportional to 1/n and the occupations of the two single-particle levels in the ground state are shown to be proportional to n, where n is the total number of particles. For a repulsive interaction and an arbitrary single-particle spectrum, the algebraic equations for the pair energies are converted into an approximate integral equation for the density of roots which is accurate to order 1/n. This integral equation is solved for a strong interaction which, in the context of this model, means an interaction whose strength is greater than a constant times 1/V⅔ in the limit of a large volume. From this solution, the following results are obtained: (1) the lowest two single-particle levels have occupations of order n; (2) the excitation spectrum is that of a set of noninteracting quasiparticles; and (3) the quasiparticle spectrum has two zeros corresponding to the lowest two single-particle levels. Apart from the presence of two zeros, the quasiparticle spectrum does not differ significantly from that of the noninteracting particles.
An exactly soluble three-level model for a system of fermions with Hamiltonian formed from generators of the group SU(3) is studied. A basis for the representation of which the ground state is a member is constructed. It is demonstrated that in this representation, the generators can each be expanded in a series as functions of a pair of ``kinematical'' boson operators; the series are uniquely determined to satisfy the operator algebra and the invariants of the representation by a method of Marumori. It is seen that the lowest anharmonic approximation to the Hamiltonian and other operators yields excellent numerical agreement with exact results for all regimes of interaction strength considered. An alternative description of the system in terms of a dynamically more meaningful boson, called the ``physical'' boson, is shown to be appropriate for relatively weak coupling where one has a near harmonic spectrum.
A unitary operator, which transforms free states into the exact eigenstates for a one-dimensional many boson system with repulsive delta-function potential, is explicitly constructed. By the unitary operator, original bare creation and annihilation operators are transformed into new operators which are shown to create or annihilate the exactly dressed bosons with the interaction cloud. The total Hamiltonian, total number and total momentum in the system are expressed in the diagonalized form in terms of the dressed operators. It is shown that the exact ground state is the condensed state of all exactly dressed bosons with zero momentum.