Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Log inSign up
Challenges
Datasets
Workspaces
Papers
Discussions
Leaderboard
Blog
Job Board
Q3AS

© 2026 Aqora Quantum S.A.S.

TermsPrivacyLegal Notice

Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Long distance quantum communication using continuous variable encoding

Linshu Li, Victor V. Albert, Marios Michael, Sreraman Muralidharan, Chang‐Ling Zou, Liang Jiang

Published Mar 17, 2016• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Related papers

Quantum communication with continuous variables

Eleni Diamanti

•Oct 1, 2013•0 citations

Enhancing Long-distance Continuous-variable Quantum-key-distribution with an Error-correcting Relay

S. Nibedita Swain, Ryan J. Marshman, Josephine Dias +2 more

Noiseless linear amplifiers (NLAs) serve as an effective means to enable long-distance continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD), even under realistic conditions with non-unit reconciliation efficiency. Separately, unitary averaging has been suggested to mitigate some stochastic noise, including phase noise in continuous-variable states. In this work, we combine these two protocols to simultaneously compensate for thermal-loss effects and suppress phase noise, thereby enabling long-distance CV QKD that surpasses the repeaterless bound, the fundamental rate-distance limit, for repeaterless quantum communication systems.

quant-pharXiv:2512.11224•Dec 15, 2025•0 citations

Quantum Communications with Continuous Variables

Philippe Grangier

•Jul 31, 2012•0 citations

Long-distance continuous-variable quantum key distribution by controlling excess noise

Duan Huang, Peng Huang, Dakai Lin +1 more

Quantum cryptography founded on the laws of physics could revolutionize the way in which communication information is protected. Significant progresses in long-distance quantum key distribution based on discrete variables have led to the secure quantum communication in real-world conditions being available. However, the alternative approach implemented with continuous variables has not yet reached the secure distance beyond 100 km. Here, we overcome the previous range limitation by controlling system excess noise and report such a long distance continuous-variable quantum key distribution experiment. Our result paves the road to the large-scale secure quantum communication with continuous variables and serves as a stepping stone in the quest for quantum network.

Scientific Reports•Jan 13, 2016•394 citations

Continuous-variable quantum secure direct communication based on N-APSK with Boltzmann–Maxwell distribution

Zhengwen Cao, Yujie Zhang, Geng Chai +4 more

Abstract Continuous-variable quantum secure direct communication (CVQSDC) with Gaussian modulation (GM) demands a considerable quantity of random numbers during the preparation process and encodes them separately on the quadrature components of the quantum states. Hence, high-speed random number generators are required to satisfy this demand, which is difficult to implement in practical applications. CVQSDC with discrete modulation (DM), correspondingly, employs a finite number of quantum states to achieve encoding, which can circumvent the shortcomings of the GM scheme. Based on the advantages of DM, the issue of attaining the most optimal secrecy capacity and communication distance remains to be resolved. Here, we propose a CVQSDC protocol based on N-symbol amplitude phase shift keying (N-APSK), which exploits the Boltzmann–Maxwell distribution assisted probability shaping technique. In comparison with the uniform distribution, according to 32-APSK CVQSDC, the proposed scheme extends the communication distance by about 38%, while obtaining a higher secrecy capacity at the same communication distance. Furthermore, increasing the value of N will concurrently increase the quantity of rings in the constellation, thereby facilitating enhancements of communication distance. This work incorporates the modulation approaches prevalently employed in classical communication into the realm of quantum communication, attaining gratifying advancements in communication distance and secrecy capacity, and concurrently facilitating the integrated development of quantum communication and classical communication.

Chinese Physics B•Jan 3, 2025•4 citations

Continuous variable quantum communication and computation

Andersen, Dong, Jezek +4 more

Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics•Jan 1, 2011•1 citation
Noiseless linear amplifiers (NLAs) serve as an effective means to enable long-distance continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD), even under realistic conditions with non-unit reconciliation efficiency. Separately, unitary averaging has been suggested to mitigate some stochastic noise, including phase noise in continuous-variable states. In this work, we combine these two protocols to simultaneously compensate for thermal-loss effects and suppress phase noise, thereby enabling long-distance CV QKD that surpasses the repeaterless bound, the fundamental rate-distance limit, for repeaterless quantum communication systems.
Quantum cryptography founded on the laws of physics could revolutionize the way in which communication information is protected. Significant progresses in long-distance quantum key distribution based on discrete variables have led to the secure quantum communication in real-world conditions being available. However, the alternative approach implemented with continuous variables has not yet reached the secure distance beyond 100 km. Here, we overcome the previous range limitation by controlling system excess noise and report such a long distance continuous-variable quantum key distribution experiment. Our result paves the road to the large-scale secure quantum communication with continuous variables and serves as a stepping stone in the quest for quantum network.
Abstract Continuous-variable quantum secure direct communication (CVQSDC) with Gaussian modulation (GM) demands a considerable quantity of random numbers during the preparation process and encodes them separately on the quadrature components of the quantum states. Hence, high-speed random number generators are required to satisfy this demand, which is difficult to implement in practical applications. CVQSDC with discrete modulation (DM), correspondingly, employs a finite number of quantum states to achieve encoding, which can circumvent the shortcomings of the GM scheme. Based on the advantages of DM, the issue of attaining the most optimal secrecy capacity and communication distance remains to be resolved. Here, we propose a CVQSDC protocol based on N-symbol amplitude phase shift keying (N-APSK), which exploits the Boltzmann–Maxwell distribution assisted probability shaping technique. In comparison with the uniform distribution, according to 32-APSK CVQSDC, the proposed scheme extends the communication distance by about 38%, while obtaining a higher secrecy capacity at the same communication distance. Furthermore, increasing the value of N will concurrently increase the quantity of rings in the constellation, thereby facilitating enhancements of communication distance. This work incorporates the modulation approaches prevalently employed in classical communication into the realm of quantum communication, attaining gratifying advancements in communication distance and secrecy capacity, and concurrently facilitating the integrated development of quantum communication and classical communication.