Experiments to produce advanced wave and send single from current to the past is proposed using classical method. The experiment method is by change the impedance of the load, then output power of the power source is measured. According to the mutual energy theorem, the load will suck the energy form the source by advanced wave or potential, hence the change in the power source should happens before the change of the load. Hence it is possible to send the signal to the past. The communication from current time to the past time should be possible. 3 experiments will be applied to test it. The experiments are all classical with using the quantum entangle effects.
Experiments to produce advanced wave and send single from current to the past is proposed using classical method. The experiment method is by change the impedance of the load, then output power of the power source is measured. According to the mutual energy theorem, the load will suck the energy form the source by advanced wave or potential, hence the change in the power source should happens before the change of the load. Hence it is possible to send the signal to the past. The communication from current time to the past time should be possible. 3 experiments will be applied to test it. The experiments are all classical with using the quantum entangle effects.
Abstract In this article the authors will build the model of photon in time-domain. Since photon is a very short time wave, the authors need to build it in the time domain. In this photon model, there is an emitter and an absorber. The emitter sends the retarded wave. The absorber sends advanced wave. Between the emitter and the absorber the mutual energy current is built through the combination of the retarded wave and the advanced wave. The mutual energy current can transfer the photon energy from the emitter to the absorber and hence the photon is nothing else but the mutual energy current. This energy transfer is built in 3D space, this allow the wave to go through any 3D structure for example the double slits. The authors have proved that in the empty space, the wave can be seen approximately as 1D wave and can transfer energy from one pointer to to another point without any wave function collapses. That is why the light can be seen as light line. That is why a photon can go through double slits to have the interference. The duality of photon can be explained using this photon model. The total energy transfer can be divided as self-energy transfer and the mutual energy transfer. It is possible the self-energy current transfer half the total energy and it also possible that the part of self-energy part has no contribution to the energy transferring of the photon. In the latter, the self-energy items is canceled by the advanced wave of the emitter current and the retarded wave of the absorber current or canceled by the returned waves. This return wave is still satisfy Maxwell equations or at least some time-reversed Maxwell equations. Furthermore, the authors found the photon should satisfy the Maxwell equations in microcosm. Energy can be transferred only by the mutual energy current. In this solution, the two items in the mutual energy current can just interpret the line or circle polarization or spin of the photon. The traditional concept of wave function collapse in quantum mechanics is not needed in the authors’ photon model. The authors believe the concept of the traditional wave collapse is coursed by the misunderstanding about the energy current. Traditionally, there is only the energy current based on Poynting vector which is always diverges from the source. For a diverged wave, hence, there is the requirement for the energy to collapse to its absorber. After knowing that the electromagnetic energy is actually transferred by the mutual energy current, which is a wave diverging in the beginning and converging in the end, then the wave function collapse is not needed. The concept energy is transferred by the mutual energy current can be extended from photon to any other particles for example electron. Electrons should have the similar mutual energy current to carry their energy from one place to another and do not need the wave function to collapse.
According to Copenhagen's interpretation, particles are generated by the collapse of waves caused by measurement. But there is still no mathematical description of the process of wave collapse. The interpretation of quantum mechanics trading introduces advanced waves in quantum mechanics. The author successfully introduced advanced waves in classical electromagnetic theory. Lagging waves and leading waves form a mutual energy flow, which has the properties of photons, so it can be seen that the achievement is photons. The author initially believed that the self energy flow of lagging waves and leading waves collapsed in the opposite direction. Recently, the author found that the reason for the need for reverse collapse is due to the incorrect definition of magnetic field in classical electromagnetic theory. When the magnetic field definition is corrected, the electromagnetic wave is reactive power and therefore does not need to collapse. The author found that most quantum mechanics theories draw on the patterns of classical electromagnetic theory. The probability flow of the Schr ö dinger equation theory is very similar to the Poynting energy flow in classical electromagnetic theory. The author found that since the magnetic field in electromagnetic theory needs to be corrected, the quantity corresponding to the magnetic field in the Schr ö dinger equation should also be corrected. After correction, the self energy flow obtained according to the Schr ö dinger equation, i.e. the probability flow, is reactive power. The mutual energy flow obtained according to the Schr ö dinger equation is the active power. This mutual energy flow can express particles in quantum mechanics, such as electrons, in vacuum. Therefore, the collapse of waves is entirely caused by a problem with the definition of probability flow in quantum mechanics. After revising this definition, the collapse of waves is completely avoided. After the particles are represented by mutual energy flow, the problem of wave particle duality is successfully solved.
Quantum physics has the probability interpretation. From the knowledge of light, we know that wave is always spread out, and hence the electron wave should also spread out. That means the electron wave beam should like the light wave beam become diverged from the source. When the electron is received by an atom we thought the wave collapse. The place to collapse is depends on the probability calculated from the square of absolute value of the wave function. The recent new discovery tell us that the light is not just wave, it is a combination of waves, retarded potential and advanced potential. These two potentials together produce the mutual energy current or referred as M-current. Another light energy current is P-current related to Poynting vector. We found P-current doesn't carry any energy for light. The contribution of P-current to energy transfer can be omitted. The light energy is transferred only by M-current. The beam of M-current doesn't like the beam of P-current which is diverged from the source, instead, the M-current beam first diverges from a source and then converged to a sink. Since the M-current at the place to be received is localized at one electron, the concept of wave function collapse is needless. The probability results of light is because that we have use P-current to roughly calculate the M-current. We thought if Schr\odinger knew today's light theory, he would for sure also build his wave theory for quantum mechanics similar to the new light theory with M-current. Hence we claim that the M-current theory is not only suitable to the light but also can be applied to the quantum physics. This means all particles are M-current. The M-current is composed of not only the retarded wave, but also the advanced wave. M-current is an inner product of a retarded and an advanced waves.
Quantum physics has the probability interpretation. From the knowledge of light, we know that wave is always spread out, and hence the electron wave should also spread out. That means the electron wave beam should like the light wave beam become diverged from the source. When the electron is received by an atom we thought the wave collapse. The place to collapse is depends on the probability calculated from the square of absolute value of the wave function. The recent new discovery tell us that the light is not just wave, it is a combination of waves, retarded potential and advanced potential. These two potentials together produce the mutual energy current or referred as M-current. Another light energy current is P-current related to Poynting vector. We found P-current doesn't carry any energy for light. The contribution of P-current to energy transfer can be omitted. The light energy is transferred only by M-current. The beam of M-current doesn't like the beam of P-current which is diverged from the source, instead, the M-current beam first diverges from a source and then converged to a sink. Since the M-current at the place to be received is localized at one electron, the concept of wave function collapse is needless. The probability results of light is because that we have use P-current to roughly calculate the M-current. We thought if Schrödinger knew today's light theory, he would for sure also build his wave theory for quantum mechanics similar to the new light theory with M-current. Hence we claim that the M-current theory is not only suitable to the light but also can be applied to the quantum physics. This means all particles are M-current. The M-current is composed of not only the retarded wave, but also the advanced wave. M-current is an inner product of a retarded and an advanced waves.
According to classical electromagnetic theory, quantum mechanics, and quantum field theory, particles are often associated with self-energy flow. In electromagnetic theory, the so-called self-energy flow corresponds to the Poynting vector of energy flow, and in quantum mechanics, it represents the probability current density. The author believes this is likely incorrect. The author finds that self-energy flow can be replaced by mutual energy flow. Mutual energy flow consists of retarded waves emitted by the source and advanced waves emitted by the sink. The source includes the primary coil of a transformer, the transmitting antenna, radiation atoms, and the cathode emitting electrons. The sink includes the secondary coil of the transformer, the receiving antenna, absorbing atoms, and the anode receiving electrons. Originally, all energy flows are generated by the source. If we assume energy flow is generated jointly by the source and the sink, we first need to compress the field produced by the source to half its original size. In this way, the source produces half of the field, and the sink produces the other half. The mutual energy flow generated by the source and sink together will exactly match the original self-energy flow produced by the source. However, there is still a problem. If the energy flow is mutual energy flow rather than self-energy flow, then self-energy flow should not transfer energy. However, if we do not alter the original electromagnetic theory or quantum theory, self-energy flow still transmits energy. This creates an absurd situation where mutual energy flow particles and self-energy flow particles are two distinct particles, both transferring energy. The author finds that both self-energy flows in electromagnetic theory and quantum theory should be reactive power and therefore do not transfer energy. The author adds a magnetic field, source, and sink to the Schrödinger equation and extends the mutual energy flow law from electromagnetic theory to quantum theory. The author then corrects the phase of the magnetic field in Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory and quantum theory by 90 degrees. After the correction, both self-energy flows in the two theories become reactive power. Thus, particles, including photons, electrons, and all other particles, are mutual energy flows, not self-energy flows. For electromagnetic theory, the author also proves that the composite energy flow of many photon mutual energy flows coincides with the self-energy flow corresponding to the Poynting vector calculated from Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory. Thus, electromagnetic waves have three different modes: (1) broadcasting mode, where the source and sink simultaneously emit spherical waves at random, which decay with propagation distance. (2) Photon mode, where the retarded wave emitted by the source and the advanced wave emitted by the sink are perfectly synchronized. At this point, the advanced wave forms the waveguide of the retarded wave, and the retarded wave forms the waveguide of the advanced wave. Due to the interference between the retarded and advanced waves, the two waves interfere constructively along the line connecting the source and the sink and weaken in other directions, ultimately turning into quasi-planar waves along the connection line between the source and sink. These retarded and advanced waves constitute the mutual energy flow, which is the photon. (3) The average energy flow consisting of countless photons is consistent with the energy flow calculated according to the Poynting vector. Therefore, Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory is still valid for calculating average radiation electromagnetic energy flow. However, calculating photons requires the author’s electromagnetic theory. The situation for electrons or other particles is roughly similar.
Abstract Entanglement is a key resource in many quantum information tasks. From a fundamental perspective entanglement is at the forefront of major philosophical discussions advancing our understanding of nature. An experimental scheme was proposed in 1989 by Franson that exploited the unpredictability in the generation time of a photon pair in order to produce a then new form of quantum entanglement, known as energy-time entanglement . A later modification gave rise to the very popular time-bin entanglement , an important cornerstone in many real-world quantum communication applications. Both forms of entanglement have radically pushed forward our understanding of quantum mechanics throughout the 1990s and 2000s. A decade later modifications to the original proposals were proposed and demonstrated, which opens the path for the highly sought-after device-independence capability for entanglement certification, with a goal of ultra-secure quantum communication. In this review we cover the beginnings of energy-time and time-bin entanglement, many key experiments that expanded our understanding of what was achievable in quantum information experiments all the way down to modern demonstrations based on new technological advances. We will then point out to the future discussing the important place that energy-time and time-bin entanglement will have in upcoming quantum networks and novel protocols based on nonlocality.