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IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control

Compact diode-laser based rubidium frequency reference

N. Vukičević, Alexander S. Zibrov, Leo W. Hollberg, Fred L. Walls, John E. Kitching, H. G. Robinson

Published Sep 1, 2000• 21 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The performance of a simple microwave frequency reference based on Raman scattering in an atomic vapor is examined. This reference has the potential to be compact, low-power, and insensitive to acceleration. Several design architectures have been evaluated with a table-top experiment in order to guide the future development of a compact system. Fractional frequency deviations of </=5x10(-11) appear to be feasible.

DOI
10.1109/58.869047

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The performance of a simple microwave frequency reference based on Raman scattering in an atomic vapor is examined. This reference has the potential to be compact, low-power, and insensitive to acceleration. Several design architectures have been evaluated with a table-top experiment in order to guide the future development of a compact system. Fractional frequency deviations of </=5x10(-11) appear to be feasible.
This paper studies a miniature low power consumption laser-pumped atom vapour cell clock scheme. Pumping 87 Rb with a vertical cavity surface emitting laser diode pump and locking the laser frequency on a Doppler-broadened spectral line, it records a 5 × 10 −11 τ −1/2 (τ < 500 s) frequency stability with a table-top system in a primary experiment. The study reveals that the evaluated scheme is at the level of 2.7 watts power consumption, 90 cm 3 volume and 10 −12 τ −1/2 short-term frequency stability.
Dark-line resonances in Cs vapor are studied for potential use in a compact, low-power microwave frequency reference. The resonance is excited using light from a VCSEL and detected using the change in DC absorption, resulting in an extremely simple physics package with very high tolerance to misalignment and potentially low acceleration sensitivity. We anticipate engineering the package developed into a device with a volume less than 1 cm/spl times/1 cm/spl times/2 cm and a power dissipation of much less than 100 mW, depending on the thermal environment.
Optical frequency standards, or lasers stabilized to atomic or molecular transitions, are widely used in length metrology and laser ranging, provide a backbone for optical communications and lie at the heart of next-generation optical atomic clocks. Here we demonstrate a compact, low-power optical frequency reference based on the Doppler-free, two-photon transition in rubidium-87 at 778 nm implemented on a micro-optics breadboard. Our optical reference achieves a fractional frequency instability of 2.9×10−12/ τ for averaging times τ less than 103 s, has a volume of ≈35 cm3 and operates on ≈450 mW of electrical power. The advanced optical integration presented here demonstrates a key step towards the development of compact optical clocks and the broad dissemination of SI-traceable wavelength references.