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Estudo da dinâmica de sistemas quânticos compostos sob a influência de ambientes externos

G. L. Deçordi

Published May 12, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We study in this thesis composite quantum systems under the influence of external environments.In the first part of this work, we investigate a two qubit interacting system having one of them isolated and the other coupled to a thermal bath.We analyze the effect of the temperature of the bath on the dynamics of the two qubit system.In order to do that, we consider two different models of system-reservoir interaction: i) a "microscopic" model, in which the master equation is derived taking into account the interaction between the two subsystems (qubits), ii) a "phenomenological" approach, in which the master equation consists of a dissipative term added to the unitary evolution term.We show that in the strong coupling regime between the subsystems (qubits), the expected thermal equilibrium steady state for the two-qubit system naturally arises in the framework of the microscopic model, while in the phenomenological approach it is obtained a steady state density operator which is not correct.Furthermore, the differences are even more profound in the weak coupling regime, when the models give rise to opposite behaviors with regard to the linear entropy of qubit 1.At the context of quantum systems coupled to environments with few degrees of freedom, we solve analytically the matter-radiation interaction model known as two atom Tavis-Cummings Model.With the solutions at hand, achieved in general circumstances until the present not found in literature, in which the constituent atoms may be coupled with different strengths to the field and also have different frequency detunings, we study the effects that arise from the interaction of a small environment (atom in a statistical mixture state) with the other atom coupled to an oscillator (cavity mode).We show that nonclassical features associated to the main system may be significantly degraded by the action of the small environment, if atom 2 is resonantly coupled to the field.We also demonstrate that the nonclassical behaviour of the system may be restored if we detune the field from the transition frequency of atom 2, the environment.

DOI
10.47749/t/unicamp.2016.973409

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We study in this thesis composite quantum systems under the influence of external environments.In the first part of this work, we investigate a two qubit interacting system having one of them isolated and the other coupled to a thermal bath.We analyze the effect of the temperature of the bath on the dynamics of the two qubit system.In order to do that, we consider two different models of system-reservoir interaction: i) a "microscopic" model, in which the master equation is derived taking into account the interaction between the two subsystems (qubits), ii) a "phenomenological" approach, in which the master equation consists of a dissipative term added to the unitary evolution term.We show that in the strong coupling regime between the subsystems (qubits), the expected thermal equilibrium steady state for the two-qubit system naturally arises in the framework of the microscopic model, while in the phenomenological approach it is obtained a steady state density operator which is not correct.Furthermore, the differences are even more profound in the weak coupling regime, when the models give rise to opposite behaviors with regard to the linear entropy of qubit 1.At the context of quantum systems coupled to environments with few degrees of freedom, we solve analytically the matter-radiation interaction model known as two atom Tavis-Cummings Model.With the solutions at hand, achieved in general circumstances until the present not found in literature, in which the constituent atoms may be coupled with different strengths to the field and also have different frequency detunings, we study the effects that arise from the interaction of a small environment (atom in a statistical mixture state) with the other atom coupled to an oscillator (cavity mode).We show that nonclassical features associated to the main system may be significantly degraded by the action of the small environment, if atom 2 is resonantly coupled to the field.We also demonstrate that the nonclassical behaviour of the system may be restored if we detune the field from the transition frequency of atom 2, the environment.
We investigate a system of two interacting qubits having one of them isolated and the other coupled to a thermal reservoir. We consider two different models of system-reservoir interaction: i) a model, in which the master equation is derived taking into account the interaction between the two subsystems (qubits), ii) a naive model, in which the master equation consists of a dissipative term added to the unitary evolution term. We study the dynamics of quantities such as bipartite entanglement, quantum discord and the linear entropy of the isolated qubit for both strong and weak coupling regimes (qubit-qubit interaction) as well as for different temperatures of the reservoir. We find significant disagreements between the results obtained from the two models even in the weak coupling regime. For instance, we show that according to the phenomenological model, the isolated qubit would approach a maximally mixed state more slowly for higher temperatures (unphysical result), while the microscopic model predicts the opposite behaviour (correct result).
Individual quantum systems may be interacting with surrounding environments having a small number of degrees of freedom. Here we discuss a simple toy model: a system constituted by a two-level atom (atom 1) interacting with a single mode cavity field which is (weakly) coupled to a small environment (atom 2). We investigate the influence of the minimal environment on the dynamics of the linear entropy and the atomic dipole squeezing of atom 1, as well as the entanglement between atom 1 and the field. We also obtain the full analytical solution of the two-atom Tavis–Cummings model for both arbitrary coupling strengths and frequency detunings, necessary to analyse the influence of the field-environment detuning on the evolution of the system’s quantum properties. For complementarity, we discuss the role of the degree of mixedness of the environment by analysing the time-averaged linear entropy of atom 1.
In this paper we present an exact analytical solution of the two-atom Tavis-Cummings model in which the constituent atoms are coupled with different strengths to the field and having different atom-field frequency detuning. As an application, we investigate some aspects of the dynamics of our system of interest: one of the atoms (atom 1) coupled with one mode of the cavity field. The remaining atom (atom 2) is treated as an external, noisy system (environment) which is assumed to be in a highly mixed state. We analyze properties such as linear entropy and atomic dipole squeezing of atom 1, and we show that, although in general the action of the external system (atom 2) has a destructive effect, the quantum behaviour of the system of interest may be restored if the field is sufficiently detuned from the atomic resonance of atom 2, the environment.
A model of entanglement generation of two initially disentangled qubits, each coupled to a separate cavity with the cavities connected by a fiber, is considered. The creation and evolution of the atomic entanglement are studied in the framework of the microscopic master equation capable of describing an open quantum system. The cavities and fiber are coupled to their own thermal environment. In these conditions, we compute the concurrence as a measure of the atomic entanglement and study the contribution of the environments at finite temperature to the dynamics of entanglement. As a result, one finds interesting effects where the thermal baths stimulate the generation of the entanglement in a given range of temperatures and the effect could be seen especially at some stage of the entanglement evolution. The range of temperatures at which entanglement increases is limited by some optimal values, depending on the physical characteristics of the system, such as operating cavity/fiber frequencies, atom–field detuning and couplings, and loss rates.
In this dissertation, a review of the concepts of quantum mechanics is presented, dealing with two-level systems (qubits) as part of a composite system, using the density matrix formalism. Using the method of Kraus operators, we study the evolution of systems subject to noise caused by the environment, such as in the case of the generalized amplitude damping channel. In order to be able to analyze the information obtained, a general review of Shannon and von Neumann entropies and their properties is made. A quantum view of thermodynamics is also presented, emphasizing the first and second laws of classical thermodynamics. The study focuses on studying the energetic processes that occur when a qubit is coupled to a thermal environment. The evolution of the composite system is described through a unitary transformation, and the thermodynamic properties of the qubit are analyzed through a more general definition of the first law of quantum thermodynamics, in which the role of quantum coherence is highlighted.
We investigate the dynamics of a composite quantum system, comprised of coupled subsystems, of which only one is significantly interacting with the environment. The validity of the conventional ad hoc approach---assuming that relaxation terms can be extracted directly from the master equation of the subsystem interacting with the reservoir---was examined. We derived the equation of motion for the composite system's reduced density matrix---applying only the factorization approximation, but not the conventional sequence of Markoff, coarse grain, and secular approximations. From our analysis, we concluded that the conventional ad hoc approach is applicable to zero-temperature reservoir, but fails for finite temperatures. It is further shown that at finite temperatures, the standard procedure does not even yield a master equation for the composite system, and its dynamics has to be studied by the equations of motion which are developed here. For demonstration we considered a system of a three-level atom, the two excited states are coupled to each other, and only one of them communicates with the ground state via a radiation reservoir.