The answer lies right in front of us, but we refuse to see it. Both relativity and quantum theory, the two pillars of fundamental physics, are modified in this paper to make them also explain the physical phenomena they describe. With this explanation, all current inconsistencies between the two vanish. The modifications relate to the presence of a medium, which is in fact potential energy, in three-dimensional space. This medium acts as a reference system, in accordance with Mach’s principle. The speed of light, therefore, is not absolute but relative to the medium and thus to the observer. It is also dependent on medium density. Quantum waves are real scalar waves occurring in the potential energy medium, not probabilities of particles being present. Real scalar quantum waves in three-dimensional space make up the whole of physics representing manifest energy. Particles therefore do not exist; they are local manifestations of real scalar quantum waves. As a result, the Doppler effect and wave interference play a central role in physics. Moreover, the dependence of quantum wave velocity (speed of light) on medium density provides the energy exchange mechanism that is central to physics because all physical phenomena, including observation, concern energy exchange, or interaction. The conceptual simplicity of the model of physics proposed in this paper is shown to clarify a series of paradoxes and ill-understood phenomena at the fundamental level of physics such as wave-particle duality, the twins paradox, and the double slit experiment. As to entanglement, superposition, and nonlocality, the model implies that only weak versions of these properties exist.
The answer lies right in front of us, but we refuse to see it. Both relativity and quantum theory, the two pillars of fundamental physics, are modified in this paper to make them also explain the physical phenomena they describe. With this explanation, all current inconsistencies between the two vanish. The modifications relate to the presence of a medium, which is in fact potential energy, in three-dimensional space. This medium acts as a reference system, in accordance with Mach’s principle. The speed of light, therefore, is not absolute but relative to the medium and thus to the observer. It is also dependent on medium density. Quantum waves are real scalar waves occurring in the potential energy medium, not probabilities of particles being present. Real scalar quantum waves in three-dimensional space make up the whole of physics representing manifest energy. Particles therefore do not exist; they are local manifestations of real scalar quantum waves. As a result, the Doppler effect and wave interference play a central role in physics. Moreover, the dependence of quantum wave velocity (speed of light) on medium density provides the energy exchange mechanism that is central to physics because all physical phenomena, including observation, concern energy exchange, or interaction. The conceptual simplicity of the model of physics proposed in this paper is shown to clarify a series of paradoxes and ill-understood phenomena at the fundamental level of physics such as wave-particle duality, the twins paradox, and the double slit experiment. As to entanglement, superposition, and nonlocality, the model implies that only weak versions of these properties exist.
A theory with a simple physical model gives logical and reasonable answers to all the strange phenomena and difficult-to-understand problems in modern physics, from the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics QM, and up to the field of cosmology. It is a theory suitable for explaining phenomena from small particles to large bodies such as stars, galaxies, and the entire universe. In this article, we will define in an innovative manner how space-time is seen and we will give a different graphical representation to the special theory of relativity. We will show how the Lorentz transformation equations and the space-time interval are obtained from it, how light behaves in space-time, and according to it, how to obtain relativistic Doppler formulas. The most important thing in this article is that just as two bodies can be in two different times, according to the theory of relativity, they can also be simultaneously in two different locations. According to it, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle and quantum superposition can be explained. We will present for the first time a very common physical phenomenon, but unknown up to this day, which we will call "leap set". According to it, we will logically and deterministically explain the double-slit experiment of electrons and we will show that the result of the experiment is not a wave interference because the electron does not pass through the slits, but it performs a leap set to possible locations on the screen. Also, according to the same model, we will see the conditions and reasons for quantum entanglement and how it is obtained. We will also show the expansion of the universe and Hubble's law according to this theory and model, the Casimir effect as a cosmological phenomenon. We will discuss the possibility of the existence of a mirror world completely identical to our world, located at a distance of 2x13.8Gly in the space-time and we will prove that the material mass energy of the universe is zero.
Abstract Quantum mechanics and relativity are extraordinarily successful mathematical theories, yet their conventional physical interpretations rely on substantially different conceptual frameworks. The Theory of Space (TS) proposes a fourth dimension defined by the Planck-related interval, with interpreted as a longitudinal dimension associated with energy (cτ), rather than as the conventional Minkowski spacetime interval. This fourth dimension does not coexist continuously with the observable three spatial dimensions as a conventional four-dimensional manifold. Instead, TS proposes an oscillatory existence between observable 3D presence and a non-observable fourth-dimensional phase. Through this oscillation, the quantum system undergoes repeated dimensional projection into observable 3D, with individual eigenstates manifested probabilistically while the underlying quantum state continues to evolve. Within this framework, phenomena including measurement, the Born rule, the arrow of time, entropy, entanglement, tunneling, and Bell-type correlations acquire a common physical interpretation. Heisenberg uncertainty and non-commutativity are interpreted as consequences of physical parameters associated with different phases of the dimensional oscillation and therefore not simultaneously manifested within the same 3D instance. TS further distinguishes between the quantum system’s spatial component and its compact physical entity. Their coexistence within the complete system provides a proposed physical basis for quantum interference and phase-dependent phenomena, including the double-slit experiment and the path-integral description of quantum evolution. As an extension of the model, TS proposes that the periodic displacement and replacement of quantum space generate a pulsed inward spatial flow. This mechanism provides a possible basis for a quantized gravitational interaction and suggests that gravitational energy may be represented by a positive contribution. Related developments, including spiral spatial flows, follow naturally from the same dimensional-oscillation mechanism. The Theory of Space therefore seeks to provide a common conceptual framework for quantum, relativistic, and gravitational phenomena without replacing the established mathematical equations that successfully reproduce experimental observations. The present work develops this framework and invites critical examination of its assumptions, physical implications, and potential experimental consequences. Keywords: relativity; Lorentz transformation; quantum superposition; quantum superposition; collapse; entanglement; quantum gravity
Quantum mechanics presently has many unanswered questions, paradoxes, and even outright logical contradictions. To make progress in understanding quantum mechanics, we begin by proposing that relativity be set aside in favor of an absolute aetherial theory. Once that step is taken, we can understand quantum collapse as a description of real wave-packets collapsing in a faster-than-light way. By assuming that a partially observable reality exists, we can then extend our analysis of wave-packets into the subquantum, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle then follows from the Fourier uncertainty principle coupled with the de Broglie relation. Further progress in understanding quantum mechanics is possible by modifying the de Broglie and Planck relations. Those modifications lead to matter-waves moving at the speed of light rather than superluminally as presently theorized, and they allow the results of matter-wave two-slit experiments to be understood from any reference frame. A modified time-dependent Schrödinger Equation results from our modifications, but the spatial time-independent Schrödinger equation is retained.
The puzzles of quantum mechanics are: 1. what is the medium for the photon and for the electron wave? i.e. what is waving? 2. particle interference pattern 3. observer effect. 4. entanglement. In Quantum Erasure and Double-Slit experiments, how does the emitter know to direct the photon two both slits or only to one slit? And how does the detector know where to detect the photons to form an interference pattern and not a bell-shaped (Gaussian) pattern or vice versa? This paper proposes a few, closely related, simple and subtle laws of nature governing quantum phenomena. Some of the findings in this paper are: 1. A photon is emitted in two steps: the creation of photon path and the emission of the photon 2. Although (almost) all of the energy of the photon is localized in space, the photon extends to infinity. An extremely small energy of the photon, which we call the 'precursor wave' in this paper, extends to infinity. The instant the photon is emitted, its precursor wave creates a path to infinity; it appears instantaneously in all its path to infinity, with infinitely small energy density. The precursor wave serves as the 'highway' for the propagation of the main energy packet. However, to conserve the principle of causality, we assume that the tip of the photon propagates at a speed billions times the speed of light. Thus, there are two speeds associated with the photon: the speed we know as c and the speed at which the photon length increases. 2. A photon will be emitted only towards an absorber. A photon is emitted by the interaction of the emitter and a detector. It is obvious that a photon will not be emitted if there is no emitter. Nor will a photon be emitted if there is no detector . Once a photon is emitted, however, it exists objectively, autonomously. The photon is emitted only after its path is determined by the interaction of the emitter and the absorber, at the instant of emission. 3. The photon energy will be concentrated where there is higher wave amplitude, i.e higher intensity of oscillation of electric and magnetic fields. This results in 'dragging' of the electromagnetic energy by the wave, hence eliminating the need for any medium. It is also proposed that single photon interference is a quantum phenomenon whereas two photon interference is a classical phenomenon. Similar laws hold for the electron. The 'medium' for the electron wave is the electron (the electron mass density field) itself. Where there is higher intensity of electron wave/oscillation, there will be higher electron mass density. This means that the electron wave 'drags' the electron with itself. Therefore, no exotic 'medium' is required for the photon and for the electron wave.
This paper introduces a theoretical framework that bridges the conceptual divide between quantum mechanics and relativity by proposing a fundamental building block of the universe: the “Space-Time* quantum.” The theory posits that every object possesses an inherent property, Time* — defined as the reciprocal of its intrinsic frequency. The Space-Time* quantum is a composite entity, consisting of a timeless space energy and a kinetic Time* energy. This framework provides a new perspective on wave-particle duality, the double-slit experiment, and quantum entanglement. It re-examines the principles of Special Relativity, offering a conceptual and visual explanation of phenomena such as time dilation and length contraction as a consequence of changes in the Space-Time quanta. The theory also provides an alternative view on the origin of the universe and the nature of gravity, suggesting that gravitational effects arise from an energy deficiency rather than a curvature of spacetime. This paper establishes a conceptual foundation for further mathematical development to test and validate these new insights.
Abstract This paper presents an in-depth investigation into quantum effects and the three established principles of quantum mechanics, including the dynamics derived from the development of physical systems—specifically, the reversal of positive and negative energy directions, as well as the density expansion and contraction caused by interactions between energy systems. Additionally, this study introduces a novel theoretical framework that proposes a new scope for understanding quantum phenomena. A truly universal principle must satisfy both Galileo’s principle of relativity and the law of covariance, thereby enabling the identification of global hidden variables or underlying mechanisms behind physical phenomena, and allowing for the explanation and demonstration of the deductive logic and outcomes of all physical processes.Contemporary quantum experiments, evaluated through Bell’s inequality, suggest that quantum mechanics is currently regarded as complete. Furthermore, it is widely accepted that quantum entanglement exhibits uncertainty prior to measurement, with its process being superluminal and non-local. However, the fundamental reasons behind these characteristics—particularly their true physical principles, dynamic behavior, and evolutionary logic—remain inadequately addressed. In fact, current interpretations of quantum mechanics are largely superficial and do not fully incorporate Galilean covariance, indicating an inherent incompleteness.At present, the major frameworks of quantum mechanics—including quantum theory, relativity, quantum field theory, and the Schrödinger equation—are primarily confined to the description of the positive (observable) world. They generally deny the possibility of energy direction reversing into negative energy states or transitioning into a hypothetical negative world. Moreover, they reject the idea that quantum entanglement can occur within the negative world and subsequently return to the positive world, implying oscillatory motion, reciprocation, energy exchange, and superluminal properties.The prevailing interpretation—that the interaction between entangled quanta, involving energy, force, reference frames, and positively entangled particles, constitutes a holistic effect—is insufficient. Specifically, attempting to explain the instantaneous, superluminal, and uncertain nature of quantum effects solely based on dynamics restricted to the positive world domain appears fundamentally flawed. Current quantum mechanical explanations fail to identify the global hidden variables or the underlying mechanisms governing physical phenomena. Furthermore, they cannot account for why quantum entanglement results violate Bell’s inequality.According to Galileo’s law of covariance, quantum mechanics should not be satisfied with partial or limited covariance. Therefore, we propose a new quantum mechanical principle grounded in three hypotheses to address these limitations. Given that energy possesses both positive and negative directional properties, particularly under dynamic conditions where energy direction reverses, the instantaneous density ratio becomes extremely small. This leads to the physical realization of quantum superluminal phenomena. Through the principle of resonance—such as energy direction reversal and quantum entanglement—these phenomena become possible.To satisfy Galilean covariance, it can be inferred that only the reversal of the energy vector direction and transition into the negative world can fulfill such requirements. Due to the potential existence of negative entanglement in negative energy and the reciprocal exchange between the positive and negative worlds, there remains uncertainty regarding the parity of energy increase or spin quantity in returning quanta or systems. Furthermore, experimental observations from phase-locked reverse measurements—where "the jump value of PDV data consistently exceeds the rise"—suggest new physical interpretations involving imaginary numbers and calculus related to energy direction and the negative world. These findings demonstrate the pre-measurement uncertainty of quantum states, as well as the superluminal and non-local nature of quantum processes, thereby supporting the inference of a new foundational theory of quantum mechanics.Finally, the quantum teleportation experiment provides evidence of vector reversals in energy and information transmission, further confirming the existence of superluminal communication.