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Applied Optics

Frequency pulling effect of an intraloop atomic filter in an optoelectronic oscillator

Dae Han Seo, Sin Hyuk Yim

Published Jan 18, 2017• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The frequency pulling effect in an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) due to the high dispersion produced by coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance in an intraloop Rb85 cell has been experimentally measured. With the direct modulation of the injection current of an extended-cavity diode laser, we construct the OEO and a beating signal with a frequency of 3.036 GHz is filtered by CPT resonance. The effective total loop length of the OEO under the CPT resonance condition can be significantly increased. As the optical path length of the OEO is changed, the microwave-frequency shift of the OEO corresponding to the effective total loop length is measured and reported.

DOI
10.1364/ao.56.000666

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IEEE photonics journal•Jun 26, 2019•2 citations
The frequency pulling effect in an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) due to the high dispersion produced by coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance in an intraloop Rb85 cell has been experimentally measured. With the direct modulation of the injection current of an extended-cavity diode laser, we construct the OEO and a beating signal with a frequency of 3.036 GHz is filtered by CPT resonance. The effective total loop length of the OEO under the CPT resonance condition can be significantly increased. As the optical path length of the OEO is changed, the microwave-frequency shift of the OEO corresponding to the effective total loop length is measured and reported.
We report the construction and characterization of an optoelectronic oscillator stabilized to an intra-loop 85Rb cell with a 3.036-GHz coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance. We use an extended-cavity diode laser (ECDL) as a light source and directly modulate its injection current by using the beating signal filtered by the CPT resonance. Use of the ECDL guarantees stability of the carrier frequency and eliminates a bulky and power-consuming external modulator. We also adjust the cavity length and operate the ECDL in multimode in order to achieve a high modulation efficiency. To further improve the oscillator’s frequency stability, we incorporate a negative feedback system based on a CPT dispersion. The Allan deviation of the oscillator frequency is 3 × 10 −10 at a 100-s integration time.
We report a phase-sensitive microwave detection setup for spectroscopy of coherent population trapping (CPT) resonance in a Cs vapor cell. In this scheme, the optically carried microwave interrogation signal that interacts with atoms is detected by a fast photodiode at the cell output and is then mixed with the local oscillator microwave signal itself. This detection scheme produces at the output of the microwave mixer a dispersive CPT signal that can be directly used for correction of the local oscillator frequency onto the atomic resonance. The evolution of the dispersive CPT resonance signal with the laser power is briefly reported. With this detection scheme, we demonstrate the operation of a CPT atomic clock with a short-term fractional frequency stability of 1 × 10 − 11 at 1 s, which is in good agreement with the slope of the frequency discriminator and the residual microwave phase noise of the setup.
Opto-electronic oscillator (OEO) is a closed-loop system with part of the loop is implemented by an optical beam, and the rest by RF circuitry. The technological advantage of this approach over traditional all-RF loops in the gigahertz range comes from the that frequency filtering can be done far more efficiently in the optical range with compact, low power, and have superior stability. In this work, we report our preliminary results on using the phenomenon of coherent population trapping in (87) Rb vapor as an optical filter. Such a filter allows us to stabilize the OEO at the hyperfine splitting frequency of rubidium, thus implementing a novel type of frequency standard.
Abstract In this study, the light shift of coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances is studied in a miniature glass cell (~0.1 cm3) filled with 133Cs vapor. The atoms exposed to the radiation from a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The laser current is modulated at a microwave frequency (≈4.6 GHz), which leads to the frequency modulation (FM) of output radiation. In addition, the light beam is transmitted through an electro-optic modulator (EOM), which is assembled as a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, acquiring amplitude modulation (AM). This dual (FM–AM) modulation leads to essentially nonlinear behavior of the function describing the light shift of the CPT resonance versus the total optical power in the cell. In particular, this function has an extremum that can be used to suppress the influence of small optical power variations in the cell on the stability of the CPT-based quantum frequency standard (QFS). The proposed scheme is characterized by a number of parameters such as the phase difference between the FM and AM signals as well as the bias voltage at EOM, which are additional degrees of freedom for controlling the behavior of the light shift of the CPT resonance. This can be used for the optimization of the QFS operation regime.
This letter presents for the first time a systematic study of an atomic frequency standard based on coherent population trapping (CPT) effect in87Rb vapour optically pumped with a multifrequency laser radiation formed with sidebands of a single-frequency laser whose injection current is modulated at a subharmonic frequency (1/2-1/6) relative to the frequency of hyperfine ground state splitting. Measured are the CPT resonance parameters and the atomic clock short-term stability at different subharmonic frequencies of microwave modulation. The possibility of CPT resonance light shift suppression is experimentally demonstrated at modulation frequencies between 1/3 and 1/5 of the resonant frequency for continuous wave optical pumping of the87Rb vapour D1 line. Analyzed are the capabilities and potential of reduced energy consumption of atomic clocks when CPT resonance in rubidium vapour is excited at subharmonic modulation frequencies.