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Viewpoint: Half-Quantum Vortices in Superfluid Helium

James A. Sauls

Published Dec 14, 2016• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Researchers working with superfluid helium in a porous medium have generated vortices with half the quantum unit of fluid flow.

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Free superfluid helium droplets constitute a versatile medium for a diverse range of experiments in physics and chemistry that extend from studies of the fundamental laws of superfluid motion to the synthesis of novel nanomaterials. In particular, the emergence of quantum vortices in rotating helium droplets is one of the most dramatic hallmarks of superfluidity and gives detailed access to the wave function describing the quantum liquid. This review provides an introduction to quantum vorticity in helium droplets, followed by a historical account of experiments on vortex visualization in bulk superfluid helium and a more detailed discussion of recent advances in the study of the rotational motion of isolated, nano- to micrometer-scale superfluid helium droplets. Ultrafast X-ray and extreme ultraviolet scattering techniques enabled by X-ray free-electron lasers and high-order harmonic generation in particular have facilitated the in situ detection of droplet shapes and the imaging of vortex structures inside individual, isolated droplets. New applications of helium droplets ranging from studies of quantum phase separations to mechanisms of low-temperature aggregation are discussed.
When liquid helium-4 is cooled to 2.17 K it changes from an ordinary fluid to a superfluid somewhat similar in nature to superfluid helium-3 and to the electron fluid in superconductors. Extensive investigation over the last five decades has given us a highly refined phenomenological description of how superfluid He4 behaves, even though the underlying quantum theory is only partially understood. Much of the current research on superfluid He4 is part of a continuing effort to work out the implications of this phenomenological description, in the same way as classical fluid dynamicists are still working out the implications of the Navier-Stokes equations.