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Towards the deployment of Quantum Key Distribution Systems in a Software Defined Networking environment

Alasdair B. Price, Alejandro Aguado, E. Hugues-Salas, Paul Anthony Haigh, Philip Sibson, Jaume Marhuenda, Jake Kennard, John Rarity, Mark G. Thompson, Reza Nejabati, Dimitra E. Simeonidou, Chris Erven

Published Sep 16, 2016• 0 citations
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Today’s networks are quickly evolving toward more dynamic and flexible infrastructures and architectures. This software-based evolution has seen its peak with the development of the software-defined networking (SDN) and network functions virtualization (NFV) paradigms. These new concepts allow operators to automate the setup of services, thus reducing costs in deploying and operating the required infrastructure. On the other hand, these novel paradigms expose new vulnerabilities, as critical information travels through the infrastructure from central offices, down to remote data centers and network devices. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a state-of-the-art technology that can be seen as a source of symmetric keys in two separated domains. It is immune to any algorithmic cryptanalysis and is thus suitable for long-term security. This technology is based on the laws of physics, which forbids us from copying the quantum states exchanged between two endpoints from which a secret key can be extracted. Thus, even though it has some limitations, a correct implementation can deliver keys of the highest security. In this paper, we propose the integration of QKD systems with well-known protocols and methodologies to secure the network’s control plane in an SDN and NFV environment. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate a workflow where QKD keys are used together with classically generated keys to encrypt communications between cloud and SDN platforms for setting up a service via secure shell, while showcasing the applicability to other cryptographic protocols.
Recent developments in quantum key distribution (QKD) demonstrate the maturity of securing sensitive data against the emerging quantum computing threat. For QKD-secured long-haul and meshed optical transport networks (OTNs), quantum key management systems (QKMSs) are essential to overcome current distance limitations of available QKD devices. In this work, we present and compare two implementations of QKMSs, analyzing their scalability with an emulated QKD network (QKDN) utilizing recorded performance metrics from deployed QKD devices. First, we use a state-of-the-art Internet routing scheme, i.e., open shortest path first (OSPF), demonstrating that key management entities (KMEs) can solve the key routing problem utilizing distributed routing. Second, we apply software-defined networking (SDN) to implement centralized routing with a SDN controller. This paper compares distributed with centralized key routing regarding scalability, throughput, and latency. Both schemes facilitate up to six key relays between any pair of nodes in parallel with average key relay durations per hop below 300 ms given the Nobel-Germany topology and any-to-any demand matrix. With a network-wide joint key routing optimization in the SDN controller, up to 16.7% higher demands can be served compared to distributed key routing. Within the inherent compatibility of our study to network-function virtualization (NFV), we guideline future integration of QKMSs into deployed OTNs.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a mechanism that allows two entities to agree on a secret key over a quantum channel. Recently, commercially viable QKD technology appeared on the market and the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) established a working group to standardize QKD for commercial applications. Several testbeds and pre-commercial QKD networks are being deployed in the world, all requiring sophisticated control mechanisms to enable key exchanges between non-adjacent nodes for remote applications. In this paper, we implement and evaluate a prototype that realizes the architecture defined by ETSI and uses trusted relay nodes to exchange keys between non-adjacent nodes. In particular, we present the Software-Defined Network (SDN) Controller and the Software-Defined QKD nodes designed to control the QKD experimental testbed in Milan, named PoliQI. We test the proposed prototype in an emulation environment, showing its advantages in inter-datacenter communication scenarios in terms of key delivery time and application acceptance ratio.