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Gas Sensing using Material and Structural Slow Light Systems

Luc Thévenaz A, Isabelle Dicaire, Sang Hoon Chin, Alfredo De Rossi

Published Jan 1, 2012• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

Slowing light is expected to enhance light-matter interaction, leading to more compact sensing devices. By simple tests we show that the reality is more complex and the only relevant quantity is the wave electric field.

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Gas Sensing using Material and Structural Slow Light Systems

Luc Thévenaz A, Isabelle Dicaire, Sanghoon Chin +1 more

Slowing light is expected to enhance light-matter interaction, leading to more compact sensing devices. By simple tests we show that the reality is more complex and the only relevant quantity is the wave electric field.

Imaging and Applied Optics•Jan 1, 2012•0 citations

Slow-light enhanced light–matter interactions with applications to gas sensing

Kaare Hartvig Jensen, Muhd Nazrul Hisham Zainal Alam, Benjamin Scherer +2 more

arXiv:0809.3855•Optics Communications•Aug 20, 2008•30 citations

Optical Gas-Phase Frequency References Based on Photonic Crystal Technology : Impact of Slow Light on Molecular Absorption

Isabelle Dicaire

Optical frequency references are devices providing well-defined and stable optical frequency responses to incoming radiation for applications such as high-precision spectroscopy and optical fibre communications. To stabilise the emission frequency of lasers, which drifts with time mostly because of fluctuations in temperature and mechanical vibrations, atomic and molecular optical transitions can be used since they show precise and well-defined frequency responses to incoming radiation. However from a practical standpoint conventional gas cell devices cannot be easily integrated into existing optical systems because of their bulky dimensions. To replace conventional absorption cells, photonic crystal fibres filled with gas-phase material are promising devices owing to their robustness, reliability, and portable characteristics. In addition they can be directly embedded into existing optical systems and they perform well in harsh environments. In this experimental study, optical gas-phase frequency references based on photonic crystal technology are realised. The gas-sensing properties of different photonic crystal fibre samples are studied and the long-term stability and reliability of fibre gas cells are demonstrated. In addition an analytical model predicting the gas-filling time in photonic crystal fibres (PCF) is developed and can be applied to any type of fibre, fibre geometry, or length. Then fibre gas cells filled with acetylene gas, a recognised frequency reference gas-phase material, have been prepared to conduct fundamental research on slow & fast light generation in optical fibres to verify the possibilities of slow light in enhancing light-matter interaction. The group velocity of light is controlled by modifying the material and structural dispersive properties of the PCF absorption cells through stimulated Brillouin scattering and cavity ring resonators, respectively. We could demonstrate that material slow light has no impact on the molecular absorption effect whereas structural slow light has an impact on the absorption efficiency scaling linearly with the group index. Such radically different responses to slow light suggest that group velocity is not the universal physical quantity scaling light-matter interaction, and that the optical absorption of molecules is more closely related to the velocity of the electromagnetic energy. Finally the impact of slow light on the molecular absorption efficiency is also evaluated in dispersion-engineered photonic crystal waveguides. We demonstrate that in planar photonic crystal waveguides the field enhancement and its evanescent fraction have more impact on the absorption efficiency than the reduction of the group velocity of light.

•Dec 8, 2011•0 citations

Slow light for signal processing and communications

Marco Santagiustina, Leonora Ursini

Unconventional and versatile signal processing through slow light dynamic Brillouin gratings is numerically predicted.

International Conference on Information Photonics•May 1, 2011•2 citations

Light-Matter Interactions Beyond the Dipole Approximation in Extended Systems Without Multipole Expansion

Rishabh Dora, Roman Korol, Vishal Tiwari +2 more

We present a general theoretical framework to capture light-matter interactions beyond the electric-dipole approximation (EDA), applicable to extended nano- and microscale materials interacting with spatially structured electric fields without truncation at finite multipolar order. The approach is based on the Power-Zienau-Woolley (PZW) Hamiltonian for light-matter interactions and a representation of the material's Hamiltonian in a basis of maximally localized Wannier functions (MLWFs), obtainable from first-principles calculations. We utilize this approach to clarify the limitations of the ubiquitous dipole approximation. We consider electric fields with both uniform and non-uniform intensities and a range of ratios of system size to the wavelength of light. Through this analysis, we identify the conditions under which the EDA breaks down, leading to significant errors in the light-induced dynamics. Contrary to conventional belief, we find that the EDA is remarkably robust for uniformly illuminated 1-D or 2-D materials when light propagates perpendicular to the material. For 3-D materials or non-perpendicular illumination of lower-dimensional materials, conventional wisdom holds and the EDA begins to break down when the wavelength becomes comparable to the system size. Furthermore, the EDA fails when the material is illuminated partially or non-uniformly. For slowly varying field intensities this failure can be corrected by finite-order multipolar corrections. However, for fields that vary substantially, correcting via multipolar terms becomes computationally impractical. In contrast, our approach captures beyond-dipole light-matter interactions at the computational cost of a standard dipole calculation. This efficiency enables accurate first-principles simulations of spatially structured light-matter dynamics in nanoscale devices, quantum materials, and interfaces.

quant-pharXiv:2603.10271•Mar 12, 2026

Enhancing the light-matter interaction using slow light: towards the concept of dense light

Luc Thévenaz A, Isabelle Dicaire, Sanghoon Chin

A couple of experiments are here presented to clarify the impact of slow light on light-matter interaction. The experiments are designed, so that the process generating slow light and the probed light-matter interaction only present a marginal cross-effect. The impact of slow light on simple molecular absorption could be separately evaluated under either material or structural slow light propagation in the same medium and led to an entirely different response.

Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE•Feb 7, 2012•7 citations
Optical frequency references are devices providing well-defined and stable optical frequency responses to incoming radiation for applications such as high-precision spectroscopy and optical fibre communications. To stabilise the emission frequency of lasers, which drifts with time mostly because of fluctuations in temperature and mechanical vibrations, atomic and molecular optical transitions can be used since they show precise and well-defined frequency responses to incoming radiation. However from a practical standpoint conventional gas cell devices cannot be easily integrated into existing optical systems because of their bulky dimensions. To replace conventional absorption cells, photonic crystal fibres filled with gas-phase material are promising devices owing to their robustness, reliability, and portable characteristics. In addition they can be directly embedded into existing optical systems and they perform well in harsh environments. In this experimental study, optical gas-phase frequency references based on photonic crystal technology are realised. The gas-sensing properties of different photonic crystal fibre samples are studied and the long-term stability and reliability of fibre gas cells are demonstrated. In addition an analytical model predicting the gas-filling time in photonic crystal fibres (PCF) is developed and can be applied to any type of fibre, fibre geometry, or length. Then fibre gas cells filled with acetylene gas, a recognised frequency reference gas-phase material, have been prepared to conduct fundamental research on slow & fast light generation in optical fibres to verify the possibilities of slow light in enhancing light-matter interaction. The group velocity of light is controlled by modifying the material and structural dispersive properties of the PCF absorption cells through stimulated Brillouin scattering and cavity ring resonators, respectively. We could demonstrate that material slow light has no impact on the molecular absorption effect whereas structural slow light has an impact on the absorption efficiency scaling linearly with the group index. Such radically different responses to slow light suggest that group velocity is not the universal physical quantity scaling light-matter interaction, and that the optical absorption of molecules is more closely related to the velocity of the electromagnetic energy. Finally the impact of slow light on the molecular absorption efficiency is also evaluated in dispersion-engineered photonic crystal waveguides. We demonstrate that in planar photonic crystal waveguides the field enhancement and its evanescent fraction have more impact on the absorption efficiency than the reduction of the group velocity of light.
We present a general theoretical framework to capture light-matter interactions beyond the electric-dipole approximation (EDA), applicable to extended nano- and microscale materials interacting with spatially structured electric fields without truncation at finite multipolar order. The approach is based on the Power-Zienau-Woolley (PZW) Hamiltonian for light-matter interactions and a representation of the material's Hamiltonian in a basis of maximally localized Wannier functions (MLWFs), obtainable from first-principles calculations. We utilize this approach to clarify the limitations of the ubiquitous dipole approximation. We consider electric fields with both uniform and non-uniform intensities and a range of ratios of system size to the wavelength of light. Through this analysis, we identify the conditions under which the EDA breaks down, leading to significant errors in the light-induced dynamics. Contrary to conventional belief, we find that the EDA is remarkably robust for uniformly illuminated 1-D or 2-D materials when light propagates perpendicular to the material. For 3-D materials or non-perpendicular illumination of lower-dimensional materials, conventional wisdom holds and the EDA begins to break down when the wavelength becomes comparable to the system size. Furthermore, the EDA fails when the material is illuminated partially or non-uniformly. For slowly varying field intensities this failure can be corrected by finite-order multipolar corrections. However, for fields that vary substantially, correcting via multipolar terms becomes computationally impractical. In contrast, our approach captures beyond-dipole light-matter interactions at the computational cost of a standard dipole calculation. This efficiency enables accurate first-principles simulations of spatially structured light-matter dynamics in nanoscale devices, quantum materials, and interfaces.