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Physical Review A

Spin squeezing of a dipolar Bose gas in a double-well potential

Qing-Shou Tan, Haiyan Lu, Su Yi

Published Jan 11, 2016• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The spin-squeezing dynamics of a quasi-one-dimensional dipolar Bose gas trapped in a double-well potential is studied by employing the method of the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree for bosons. We find that optimal squeezing generated by the dipolar interaction can be improved over the one-axis twisting limit, and this squeezing is much stronger than that obtained by the contact interaction. Moreover, natural orbital-related squeezing can be controlled by the direction of the dipole moment, which provides control for storing the optimal spin squeezing. The origin of the squeezing as well as the relationship between spin squeezing and the two-order correlation function are also discussed.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.93.013606

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The spin-squeezing dynamics of a quasi-one-dimensional dipolar Bose gas trapped in a double-well potential is studied by employing the method of the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree for bosons. We find that optimal squeezing generated by the dipolar interaction can be improved over the one-axis twisting limit, and this squeezing is much stronger than that obtained by the contact interaction. Moreover, natural orbital-related squeezing can be controlled by the direction of the dipole moment, which provides control for storing the optimal spin squeezing. The origin of the squeezing as well as the relationship between spin squeezing and the two-order correlation function are also discussed.
The spin-squeezing protocols allow the dynamical generation of massively correlated quantum many-body states, which can be utilized in entanglement-enhanced metrology and technologies. We study a quantum simulator generating twisting dynamics realized in a two-component Bose-Hubbard model with dipolar interactions. We show that the interplay of contact and long-range dipolar interactions between atoms in the superfluid phase activates the anisotropic two-axis countertwisting mechanism, accelerating the spin-squeezing dynamics and allowing the Heisenberg-limited accuracy in spectroscopic measurements.
We theoretically investigate the creation of squeezed states of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) trapped in a magnetic double-well potential. The number or phase squeezed states are created by modulating the tunnel coupling between the two wells periodically with twice the Josephson frequency, i.e., through parametric amplification. Simulations are performed with the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree method for bosons. We employ optimal control theory to bring the condensate to a complete halt at a final time, thus creating a highly squeezed state (squeezing factor of 0.12, ${\ensuremath{\xi}}_{S}^{2}=\ensuremath{-}18$ dB) suitable for atom interferometry.
It is well established that the optimal spin squeezing under a one-axis-twisting Hamiltonian follows a scaling law of ${J}^{\ensuremath{-}2/3}$ for JJJ interacting atoms after a quench dynamics. Here, we prove analytically and numerically that the spin squeezing of the ground state of the one-axis-twisting Hamiltonian actually reaches the Heisenberg limit ${J}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. By constructing a bilinear Bogoliubov Hamiltonian with the raising and lowering spin operators, we exactly diagonalize the spin Bogoliubov Hamiltonian, which includes the one-axis twisting Hamiltonian as a limiting case. The ground state of the spin Bogoliubov Hamiltonian exhibits excellent spin squeezing, which approaches the Heisenberg limit in the case of the one-axis-twisting Hamiltonian. It is possible to realize experimentally the spin-squeezed ground state of the one-axis-twisting Hamiltonian in dipolar spinor condensates, ultracold atoms in optical lattices, spins in a cavity, or alkali atoms in a vapor cell.
We study the effect of dipolar interactions on the level of squeezing in spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensates by using the single mode approximation. We limit our consideration to the SU(2) Lie subalgebra spanned by spin operators. The biaxial nature of dipolar interactions allows for dynamical generation of spin-squeezed states in the system. We analyze the phase portraits in the reduced mean-field space in order to determine positions of unstable fixed points. We calculate numerically the spin squeezing parameter showing that it is possible to reach the strongest squeezing set by the two-axis countertwisting model. We partially explain scaling with the system size by using the Gaussian approach and the frozen spin approximation.
It is well established that the optimal spin squeezing under a one-axis-twisting Hamiltonian follows a scaling law of J−2/3J^{-2/3}J−2/3 for JJJ interacting atoms after a quench dynamics. Here we prove analytically and numerically that the spin squeezing of the ground state of the one-axis-twisting Hamiltonian actually reaches the Heisenberg limit J−1J^{-1}J−1. By constructing a bilinear Bogoliubov Hamiltonian with the raising and lowering spin operators, we exactly diagonalize the spin Bogoliubov Hamiltonian, which includes the one-axis twisting Hamiltonian as a limiting case. The ground state of the spin Bogoliubov Hamiltonian exhibits wonderful spin squeezing, which approaches to the Heisenberg limit in the case of the one-axis twisting Hamiltonian. It is possible to realize experimentally the spin squeezed ground state of the one-axis-twisting Hamiltonian in dipolar spinor condensates, ultracold atoms in optical lattices, spins in a cavity, or alkali atoms in a vapor cell.
We theoretically analyze atom interferometry based on trapped ultracold atoms and employ optimal control theory in order to optimize number squeezing and condensate trapping. In our simulations, we consider a setup where the confinement potential is transformed from a single to a double well, which allows us to split the condensate. To avoid in the ensuing phase-accumulation stage of the interferometer dephasing due to the nonlinear atom-atom interactions, the atom-number fluctuations between the two wells should be sufficiently low. We show that low number fluctuations (high number squeezing) can be obtained by optimized splitting protocols. Two types of solutions are found: in the Josephson regime we find an oscillatory tunnel control and a parametric amplification of number squeezing, while in the Fock regime squeezing is obtained solely due to the nonlinear coupling, which is transformed to number squeezing by peaked tunnel pulses. We study splitting and squeezing within the frameworks of a generic two-mode model, which allows us to study the basic physical mechanisms and the multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree for bosons method, which allows for a microscopic modeling of the splitting dynamics in realistic experiments. Both models give similar results, thus highlighting the general nature of these two solution schemes. We finally analyze our results in the context of atom interferometry.