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IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials

Research Trends and New Developments in Phase Engineering

Nobuyuki Yoshikawa

Published Dec 31, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

In superconductors, the phase of electrons is a well-defined macroscopic variable. Recently many new devices and circuits were proposed and researched based on the particular control of the phase in superconductors, which include ferromagnetic Josephson devices, coherent quantum phase slip devices and adiabatic or reversible superconducting circuits. In this paper we will introduce resent trends and new developments in the research field named “Phase Engineering”.

DOI
10.1541/ieejfms.137.23

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In superconductors, the phase of electrons is a well-defined macroscopic variable. Recently many new devices and circuits were proposed and researched based on the particular control of the phase in superconductors, which include ferromagnetic Josephson devices, coherent quantum phase slip devices and adiabatic or reversible superconducting circuits. In this paper we will introduce resent trends and new developments in the research field named “Phase Engineering”.
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Recent demonstrations of macroscopic quantum coherence in Josephson junction based electronic circuits have opened an entirely new dimension for research and applications in the established field of Josephson electronics. In this article we discuss basic Josephson circuits for qubit applications, methods of quantum description of these circuits, and circuit solutions for qubit couplings. Principles of manipulation and readout of superconducting qubits are reviewed and illustrated with recent experiments using various qubit types.
Electrons in a superconductor form Cooper pairs and thus condense into a ground state which can be described by a macroscopic quantum wavefunction. The phase of the wavefunction represents a collective movement of millions of Cooper pairs. Using devices based on Josephson tunnel junctions we are able to control and detect the phase and number of Cooper pairs in a superconductor. Josephson devices are therefore excellent systems for demonstrating macroscopic quantum phenomena. We present a short review of the macroscopic quantum phenomena in superconducting Josephson devices, as well as their applications and prospects in quantum computationl.
Good order is the foundation of all good things. E. Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France , 1790 Josephson effect Superconductivity: A crash course The transition from the theoretical description of hypothetical building blocks of a quantum coherent device to something which can be actually fabricated and controlled is made much easier by the existence of superconductivity . This phenomenon, roughly speaking, allows a macroscopic quantum coherent flow of electrons in a sufficiently cold piece of an appropriate material by establishing a specific long-range order among them. Due to this one can, for example, use macroscopically different states of a superconductor as quantum states of a qubit, with the obvious advantage over “microscopically quantum” systems (like actual atoms) from the point of view of control, measurement and, last but not least, fabrication of structures with the desired parameters and on the desired scale. The phenomenon of superconductivity – the history of its discovery, experimental manifestations, theoretical explanation, open questions, relevance to other branches of physics, and technological applications – requires a thorough treatment, which can be found in any number of books. For our purposes Tinkham (2004) will provide more than sufficient background. We will not wander into the field of exotic/high-temperature superconductors for two simple reasons: the quantum coherent behaviour of the kind we need to realize qubits or other quantum coherent devices has not yet been properly and/or routinely achieved in these systems; and the fabrication of such devices is not yet reliable enough or even feasible.
We review the physical basis of and recent developments in ferromagnetic Josephson junctions with a focus on the π state, which is useful for applications to superconducting devices. Among various novel phenomena that emerge from the interaction between the superconductor and ferromagnet, the π state (junction) works as a phase shifter in superconducting devices, and several proposals and demonstrations of applications to quantum computing elements (qubits), classical superconducting logic circuits, and cryogenic memory have been presented. As a new research trend in superconducting spintronics, we also introduce recent interesting works on the long-range Josephson effect caused by spin-triplet Cooper pairs.