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Physics World

Quantum engineering moves on

J. I. Cirac, P. Zoller

Published Jan 1, 1999• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

One of the most intriguing features of quantum mechanics is the existence of entangled states. These states result from the superposition of individual quantum states in composite systems, such as a collection of particles, and cannot be expressed as a product of the individual states. The generation and manipulation of entangled states is fundamental to studies of the most basic aspects of quantum mechanics, and provides the basis of applications such as quantum computing, quantum communications and high-precision spectroscopy.

DOI
10.1088/2058-7058/12/1/23

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One of the most intriguing features of quantum mechanics is the existence of entangled states. These states result from the superposition of individual quantum states in composite systems, such as a collection of particles, and cannot be expressed as a product of the individual states. The generation and manipulation of entangled states is fundamental to studies of the most basic aspects of quantum mechanics, and provides the basis of applications such as quantum computing, quantum communications and high-precision spectroscopy.
A significant challenge in atomic physics is the precise preparation, manipulation, and measurement of the quantum-mechanical states of physical systems. One intriguing aspect of multi-particle quantum states is entanglement. Entanglement is of high interest for conducting non-classical computations, particularly in the application of quantum information, and the enhancement of measurements through entanglement. Spin-entangled states in many-body systems have been engineered and verified via spin-changing collisions. Using optical tweezers to isolate individual atomic pairs provides a unique avenue for investigating spin-changing collisions and the entangled states at the particle level. Up until now, the entanglement for an atomic pair has been achieved with groundstate-cooled atoms. The ability to generate entanglement at a higher temperature would be a step forward to robust practical applications in real world scenarios.
Entanglement of two or more quantum objects is a process whereby the quantum mechanical wavefunctions describing these individual objects are manipulated to create a new, interwoven state comprising a superposition of the individual wavefunctions. In this entangled system, all of the objects are correlated, and measuring the state of just one of them gives information on all of the others. Such a property is useful both for probing fundamental questions in quantum mechanics and for developing quantum computers. As the number of objects entangled increases, the superposed state becomes more complex, but exponentially more powerful.
The surprising aspects of quantum information are due to two distinctly non-classical features of the quantum world: first, different quantum states need not be orthogonal and, second, quantum states may be entangled. Non-orthogonality leads to the blurring of classical distinctions. On the other hand, entanglement leads via non-locality to teleportation and other ``entanglement-assisted'' forms of communication that go beyond what is classically possible. In this article we attempt to understand these new possibilities via an analysis of the significance of entanglement for the basic physical concepts of a ``particle'' and a ``localized physical system''. Classical particles can be individuated on the basis of qualitative differences in their sets of properties. But in entangled states the ``particle labels'' of the quantum formalism usually do not pick out such sets of individuating particle properties. It is sometimes nevertheless possible to think in terms of individual particles, which may be localized; but we argue that in general the structure of quantum mechanics is at odds with such a particle interpretation. This finally leads us to the conclusion that quantum mechanics is best seen as not belonging to the category of space-time theories, in which physical quantities are functions on space-time points. The resulting picture of the quantum world is relevant for our understanding of the way in which quantum theory is non-local, and it sheds light on the novel aspects of quantum information.