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Physics World

Bosons help to beat the Fermi pressure

Edward A. Hinds

Published Nov 1, 2002• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

In a gas of identical atoms, each atom is described by a localized de Broglie wave packet. If the gas is trapped and cooled, the atoms move closer together and their de Broglie wavelengths get longer. As the gas is cooled further, the wave packets become larger and eventually start to overlap and interfere with each other. What happens next in these so-called quantum-degenerate gases depends on whether the atoms are bosons or fermions. Quantum gases of both types have proved to be a rich source of new physics in recent years and this trend is continuing with experiments on gases that contain both types of atom, such as the observation of the collapse of a degenerate Fermi gas by researchers at the European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy in Florence, Italy (G Modugno et al. 2002 Science 297 2240).

DOI
10.1088/2058-7058/15/11/29

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In a gas of identical atoms, each atom is described by a localized de Broglie wave packet. If the gas is trapped and cooled, the atoms move closer together and their de Broglie wavelengths get longer. As the gas is cooled further, the wave packets become larger and eventually start to overlap and interfere with each other. What happens next in these so-called quantum-degenerate gases depends on whether the atoms are bosons or fermions. Quantum gases of both types have proved to be a rich source of new physics in recent years and this trend is continuing with experiments on gases that contain both types of atom, such as the observation of the collapse of a degenerate Fermi gas by researchers at the European Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy in Florence, Italy (G Modugno et al. 2002 Science 297 2240).
Evaporative cooling of an atom gas of bosons, whereby the hottest atoms are progressively removed, is an effective and widely used method for forming Bose-Einstein condensates. For Fermi gases, however, collisions between identical fermions are forbidden, and new tricks, such as mixing two Fermi gases with different spin states, have been used to form Fermi condensates. Truscott et al. (p. 2570; see the Perspective by O'Hara and Thomas) now create quantum-degenerate Bose and Fermi condensates simultaneously from a boson-fermion mixture. Heat is removed from the fermions through elastic collisions with the bosons, a process called sympathetic cooling. They show that different statistics associated with the two types of gases can actually be visualized.
The Field of ultracold quantum gases is no longer in its infancy. Since the first gaseous Bose–Einstein condensate was formed in 1995, physicists have made an exhaustive study of the many amazing properties of this new state of matter. Similar progress has been made with degenerate Fermigases – the quantum-mechanical cousins of Bose condensates. In addition to being fascinating in their own right, experiments on quantum gases are relevant to many different areas of physics – from atomic clocks and quantum computing to superfluidity and quantum phase transitions.
Moiré superlattices, a twisted functional structure crossing the periodic and nonperiodic potentials, have recently attracted great interest in multidisciplinary fields, including optics and ultracold atoms, because of their unique band structures, physical properties, and potential implications. Driven by recent experiments on quantum phenomena of bosonic gases, the atomic Bose–Einstein condensates in moiré optical lattices, by which other quantum gases such as ultracold fermionic atoms are trapped, could be readily achieved in ultracold atom laboratories, whereas the associated nonlinear localization mechanism remains unexploited. Here, we report the nonlinear localization theory of ultracold atomic Fermi gases in two-dimensional moiré optical lattices. The linear Bloch-wave spectrum of such a twisted structure exhibits rich nontrivial flat bands, which are separated by different finite bandgaps wherein the existence, properties, and dynamics of localized superfluid Fermi gas structures of two types, gap solitons and gap vortices (topological modes) with vortex charge S=1, are studied numerically. Our results demonstrate the wide stability regions and robustness of these localized structures, opening up a new avenue for studying soliton physics and moiré physics in ultracold atoms beyond bosonic gases.