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Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Математика, информатика, физика

Properties of Wigner distribution functions applied to quantum mechanics

A V Gorbachev

Published Jan 1, 2012• 0 citations
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Non-classicality indicators are widely applied to describe the physical properties of quantum states. One category of these indicators is defined in terms of negativities portion of Wigner distribution function. These indicators are not indicating to some quantum properties, e.g.: squeezing. Because the squeezing operations don’t effect on, the amount of negativities of Wigner distribution functions. Therefore the non-classicality indicators, e.g.: Kenfak or Benedict, which are working based on the negativities of distribution functions, cannot recognize the squeezing properties. In this paper a non-classicality indicator is introduced, in terms of the radial and angular distribution of absolute value of Wigner distribution function, which can recognize the squeezing properties, e.g.: squeezing parameter and squeezing angle. This non-classicality indicator is applied for the squeezed photonic states. We show that this indicator can evaluate the number of photons as well as the squeezing parameter and squeezing angle.

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This thesis describes quantum mechanics in the phase space formulation. We introduce quantization and in particular the Weyl quantization. We study a general class of phase space distribution functions on phase space. The Wigner distribution function is one such distribution function. The Wigner distribution function in general attains negative values and thus can not be interpreted as a real probability density, as opposed to for example the Husimi distribution function. The Husimi distribution however does not yield the correct marginal distribution functions known from quantum mechanics. Properties of the Wigner and Husimi distribution function are studied to more extent. We calculate the Wigner and Husimi distribution function for the energy eigenstates of a particle trapped in a box. We then look at the semi classical limit for this example. The time evolution of Wigner functions are studied by making use of the Moyal bracket. The Moyal bracket and the Poisson bracket are compared in the classical limit. The phase space formulation of quantum mechanics has as advantage that classical concepts can be studied and compared to quantum mechanics. For certain quantum mechanical systems the time evolution of Wigner distribution functions becomes equivalent to the classical time evolution stated in the exact Egerov theorem. Another advantage of using Wigner functions is when one is interested in systems involving mixed states. A disadvantage of the phase space formulation is that for most problems it quickly loses its simplicity and becomes hard to calculate.

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This paper is concerned with certain extensions of a formal technique devised by Wigner for handling problems in quantum-statistical mechanics, especially to problems in quantum-mechanical transport processes. The approach is to find the closest possible analogy between classical and quantum-statistical mechanics, so that the extensive work in classical statistical mechanics can be utilized. This analogy is attained with the Wigner distribution function, with which averages of dynamical variables in quantum mechanics may be calculated by integrations in phase space. We will first state some basic properties of distribution functions in classical statistical mechanics, and then state the corresponding properties of the density matrix in quantum mechanics. We will define and discuss the Wigner distribution function, show that it has the desired averaging properties, and obtain the analog of the Liouville equation satisfied by this function. We will derive the analog of the Liouville equation in reduced phase space, and then obtain the equations of hydro-dynamics from quantum-statistical mechanics.

The Journal of Chemical Physics•Sep 1, 1951•127 citations
Non-classicality indicators are widely applied to describe the physical properties of quantum states. One category of these indicators is defined in terms of negativities portion of Wigner distribution function. These indicators are not indicating to some quantum properties, e.g.: squeezing. Because the squeezing operations don’t effect on, the amount of negativities of Wigner distribution functions. Therefore the non-classicality indicators, e.g.: Kenfak or Benedict, which are working based on the negativities of distribution functions, cannot recognize the squeezing properties. In this paper a non-classicality indicator is introduced, in terms of the radial and angular distribution of absolute value of Wigner distribution function, which can recognize the squeezing properties, e.g.: squeezing parameter and squeezing angle. This non-classicality indicator is applied for the squeezed photonic states. We show that this indicator can evaluate the number of photons as well as the squeezing parameter and squeezing angle.
This thesis describes quantum mechanics in the phase space formulation. We introduce quantization and in particular the Weyl quantization. We study a general class of phase space distribution functions on phase space. The Wigner distribution function is one such distribution function. The Wigner distribution function in general attains negative values and thus can not be interpreted as a real probability density, as opposed to for example the Husimi distribution function. The Husimi distribution however does not yield the correct marginal distribution functions known from quantum mechanics. Properties of the Wigner and Husimi distribution function are studied to more extent. We calculate the Wigner and Husimi distribution function for the energy eigenstates of a particle trapped in a box. We then look at the semi classical limit for this example. The time evolution of Wigner functions are studied by making use of the Moyal bracket. The Moyal bracket and the Poisson bracket are compared in the classical limit. The phase space formulation of quantum mechanics has as advantage that classical concepts can be studied and compared to quantum mechanics. For certain quantum mechanical systems the time evolution of Wigner distribution functions becomes equivalent to the classical time evolution stated in the exact Egerov theorem. Another advantage of using Wigner functions is when one is interested in systems involving mixed states. A disadvantage of the phase space formulation is that for most problems it quickly loses its simplicity and becomes hard to calculate.
This paper is concerned with certain extensions of a formal technique devised by Wigner for handling problems in quantum-statistical mechanics, especially to problems in quantum-mechanical transport processes. The approach is to find the closest possible analogy between classical and quantum-statistical mechanics, so that the extensive work in classical statistical mechanics can be utilized. This analogy is attained with the Wigner distribution function, with which averages of dynamical variables in quantum mechanics may be calculated by integrations in phase space. We will first state some basic properties of distribution functions in classical statistical mechanics, and then state the corresponding properties of the density matrix in quantum mechanics. We will define and discuss the Wigner distribution function, show that it has the desired averaging properties, and obtain the analog of the Liouville equation satisfied by this function. We will derive the analog of the Liouville equation in reduced phase space, and then obtain the equations of hydro-dynamics from quantum-statistical mechanics.