Dmitri V. Voronine, Narangerel Altangerel, Edward S. Fry, Olga A. Kocharovskaya, Alexei V. Sokolov, Vladislav V. Yakovlev, A. M. Zheltikov, Marlan O. Scully
Quantum optics and photonics are being used in a variety of bio-technologies for both plants and animals, primarily in the form of quantum optical technology. A new paradigm shift has been emerging in which the biologists define the parameters that are needed for effective use, and the quantum physicists/engineers design and develop the technology to meet those needs. For example, recent exciting developments of new radiation sources improved the detection of trace impurities via quantum coherence, and related effects improve microscopic resolution (Nobel Prize 2014). Furthermore, the use of noise-induced quantum coherence promises to open new vistas in photosynthesis and quantum effects in biology. This requires developing new techniques and pushing the envelope in quantum physics, on the one hand, and bioscience, on the other. In this review we describe recent progress in quantum biophotonics and open questions. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Quantum optics and photonics are being used in a variety of bio-technologies for both plants and animals, primarily in the form of quantum optical technology. A new paradigm shift has been emerging in which the biologists define the parameters that are needed for effective use, and the quantum physicists/engineers design and develop the technology to meet those needs. For example, recent exciting developments of new radiation sources improved the detection of trace impurities via quantum coherence, and related effects improve microscopic resolution (Nobel Prize 2014). Furthermore, the use of noise-induced quantum coherence promises to open new vistas in photosynthesis and quantum effects in biology. This requires developing new techniques and pushing the envelope in quantum physics, on the one hand, and bioscience, on the other. In this review we describe recent progress in quantum biophotonics and open questions. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Quantum metrology provides a route to overcome practical limits in sensing devices. It holds particular relevance to biology, where sensitivity and resolution constraints restrict applications both in fundamental biophysics and in medicine. Here, we review quantum metrology from this biological context, focusing on optical techniques due to their particular relevance for biological imaging, sensing, and stimulation. Our understanding of quantum mechanics has already enabled important applications in biology, including positron emission tomography (PET) with entangled photons, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using nuclear magnetic resonance, and bio-magnetic imaging with superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). In quantum metrology an even greater range of applications arise from the ability to not just understand, but to engineer, coherence and correlations at the quantum level. In the past few years, quite dramatic progress has been seen in applying these ideas into biological systems. Capabilities that have been demonstrated include enhanced sensitivity and resolution, immunity to imaging artifacts and technical noise, and characterization of the biological response to light at the single-photon level. New quantum measurement techniques offer even greater promise, raising the prospect for improved multi-photon microscopy and magnetic imaging, among many other possible applications. Realization of this potential will require cross-disciplinary input from researchers in both biology and quantum physics. In this review we seek to communicate the developments of quantum metrology in a way that is accessible to biologists and biophysicists, while providing sufficient detail to allow the interested reader to obtain a solid understanding of the field. We further seek to introduce quantum physicists to some of the central challenges of optical measurements in biological science.
Much of our progress in understanding microscale biology has been powered by advances in microscopy. For instance, super-resolution microscopes allow the observation of biological structures at near-atomic-scale resolution, while multi-photon microscopes allow imaging deep into tissue. However, biological structures and dynamics still often remain out of reach of existing microscopes, with further advances in signal-to-noise, resolution and speed needed to access them. In many cases, the performance of microscopes is now limited by quantum effects – such as noise due to the quantisation of light into photons or, for multi-photon microscopes, the low cross-section of multi-photon scattering. These limitations can be overcome by exploiting features of quantum mechanics such as entanglement. Quantum effects can also provide new ways to enhance the performance of microscopes, such as new super-resolution techniques and new techniques to image at difficult to reach wavelengths. This review provides an overview of these various ways in which quantum techniques can improve microscopy, including recent experimental progress. It seeks to provide a realistic picture of what is possible, and what the constraints and opportunities are.
Application of quantum imaging in biology In biology, one of the main challenges is achieving a balance between high precision and minimal invasiveness in measurements. With cutting-edge techniques, the primary limitations to experimental accuracy often stem not from device-related noise but from fundamental physical constraints. Since nature is the underlying source of these constraints, it makes sense to go to quantum mechanics, the most basic theory of matter, for a solution. Improved measurement performance may be possible through the application of quantum effects, particularly those pertaining to coherence. It offers useful tools that, at the very least, offer interesting technical solutions even when they don't fully display cohesive behaviors. One of the primary applications of quantum technologies is quantum metrology, which uses the non-classical state of light to measure physical properties with great resolution and sensitivity. For biological applications, the quantum state of light may be utilized for precision enhancement and quantum noise reduction. This explains how quantum metrology, and particularly quantum imaging, can be used to enhance picture quality, measure shifts in quantum scales in biological systems, and boost imaging precision and resolution using quantum light sources, devices, and protocols. In this study, we give a summary of the possible uses of quantum technology in biology and medicine. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how quantum technologies can be applied in biology and medicine. It also explores the latest developments in quantum biological imaging, quantum microscopy, and quantum materials, while discussing the challenges and opportunities these emerging technologies bring.
This paper examines various engineered and natural photonic and biophotonic systems. To analyze and design microscopic systems, we examine quantum phenomena which are exhibited and utilized. Quantum effects and photonic technology are widely used in biotechnology, communication, electronics, medicine and other applications. Basic research and discoveries in photonics and biophotonics are foundations of science and engineering in developing new knowledge bases, systems and technologies beyond currently available. Advances are needed in computer-brain interfacing, photoelectronics, optogenetics, neurophotonics, etc. With a focus on practical engineered devices, we perform quantum analysis and propose enabling solutions. Our three-fold objectives are: (1) Examine microscopic systems; (2) Study phenomena, effects and mechanisms possibly utilized by natural systems to accomplish sensing, communication and processing; (3) Devise novel microscopic systems by researching solutions which may enable a knowledge base and discover new sensing and processing capabilities comparable to exhibited by living organisms. Our transformative findings are substantiated by means of basic, applied and numerical studies which are consistent with experiments, biophysics and quantum mechanics.
Latest developments in quantum tomography are presented. The method for measuring the state of radiation is derived in a simple group-theoretical framework that allows generalization to arbitrary quantum systems. Some recently developed topics are synthetically reviewed, including tomography of many radiation modes using only one local oscillator, generalization to TV-level systems, and new “adaptive” techniques for noise reduction. A set of newly proposed experiments is presented, based on a conditioned tomographic technique. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Abstract Quantum technologies leverage the laws of quantum physics to achieve performance advantages in applications ranging from computing to communications and sensing. They have been proposed to have a range of applications in biological science. This includes better microscopes and biosensors, improved simulations of molecular processes, and new capabilities to control the behavior of biomolecules and chemical reactions. Quantum effects are also predicted, with much debate, to have functional benefits in biology, for instance, allowing more efficient energy transport and improving the rate of enzyme catalysis. Conversely, the robustness of biological systems to disorder from their environment has led to proposals to use them as components within quantum technologies, for instance as light sources for quantum communication systems. Together, this breadth of prospective applications at the interface of quantum and biological science suggests that quantum physics will play an important role in stimulating future biotechnological advances. This review aims to provide an overview of this emerging field of quantum biotechnology, introducing current capabilities, future prospects, and potential areas of impact. The review is written to be accessible to the non‐expert and focuses on the four key areas of quantum‐enabled sensing, quantum‐enabled imaging, quantum biomolecular control, and quantum effects in biology.