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Laser Physics Letters

Generation of an arbitrary concatenated Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger state with single photons

Shan‐Shan Chen, Lan Zhou, Yu‐Bo Sheng

Published Dec 22, 2016• 6 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract The concatenated Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (C-GHZ) state is a new kind of logic-qubit entangled state, which may have extensive applications in future quantum communication. In this letter, we propose a protocol for constructing an arbitrary C-GHZ state with single photons. We exploit the cross-Kerr nonlinearity for this purpose. This protocol has some advantages over previous protocols. First, it only requires two kinds of cross-Kerr nonlinearities to generate single phase shifts ± θ . Second, it is not necessary to use sophisticated m -photon Toffoli gates. Third, this protocol is deterministic and can be used to generate an arbitrary C-GHZ state. This protocol may be useful in future quantum information processing based on the C-GHZ state.

DOI
10.1088/1612-202x/aa512f

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Abstract The concatenated Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (C-GHZ) state is a new kind of logic-qubit entangled state, which may have extensive applications in future quantum communication. In this letter, we propose a protocol for constructing an arbitrary C-GHZ state with single photons. We exploit the cross-Kerr nonlinearity for this purpose. This protocol has some advantages over previous protocols. First, it only requires two kinds of cross-Kerr nonlinearities to generate single phase shifts ± θ . Second, it is not necessary to use sophisticated m -photon Toffoli gates. Third, this protocol is deterministic and can be used to generate an arbitrary C-GHZ state. This protocol may be useful in future quantum information processing based on the C-GHZ state.
Concatenated Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (C-GHZ) state is a new type of logic-qubit entanglement, which has attracted a lot of attentions recently. We propose a protocol for concentrating the less-entangled C-GHZ state assisted with an auxiliary single logic qubit. In this protocol, by utilizing the quantum nondemolition detection (QND) constructed by cross-Kerr nonlinearities, we demonstrate that our protocol exhibits much higher success probability compared to conventional methods in linear optics. Moreover, the protocol requires less operations and classical communications. It may be useful in the implementation of long-distance quantum communication.
Multipartite concatenated Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (C-GHZ) states, a class of multipartite entangled states, have superior stability under the influence of decoherence. We propose two means of constructing multiphoton C-GHZ states based on entanglers of multiphoton GHZ states that are both experimentally realizable and scalable. Given a km-photon GHZ state as an input state, if m is odd, one can create a km-photon C-GHZ state. In addition, we have designed a scheme to prepare km-photon C-GHZ states from km single-photon states by using k entanglers of m-photon GHZ states and km-control Toffoli gates.
The concatenated Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (C-GHZ) state has great potential application in the future quantum network, for it is robust to the decoherence in a noisy environment. In the paper, we propose a complete C-GHZ state analysis protocol with the help of some auxiliary single atoms trapped in the low-quality cavities. In the protocol, we essentially make the parity check for the photonic states based on the photonic Faraday rotation effect, and complete the analysis task combined with the Hadamard operation and single qubit measurement. The success probability of our protocol can reach 100\% in principle, and the number of physical qubit encoded in each logic qubit does not affect the analysis. Our analysis protocol may have its practical application in future long-distance quantum communication.
The generation of a high-dimensional quantum entangled state provides a crucial resource for achieving more complex and diverse quantum information processing tasks. In this paper, we present two deterministic protocols designed for the generation of a four-dimensional two-qudit Bell state and three-qudit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state assisted by cross-Kerr nonlinearity, where the four-dimensional qudit is encoded in the hybrid polarization-spatial state of the single photon to conserve quantum resources and alleviate environmental noise. The proposed protocols for generating a four-dimensional two-qudit Bell state and three-qudit GHZ state are circuit concise, high success, robust fidelity, noise resistant, and resource saving. Moreover, the four-dimensional NNN-qudit (N>3N>3N>3) GHZ states can be generated with the help of the $N\ensuremath{-}1$ generating devices of the four-dimensional Bell state. Consequently, its efficiency and fidelity decay exponentially by a factor of $N\ensuremath{-}1$. Further, the arbitrary high-dimensional qudit-encoded entangled states can be achieved with linear-optics four-dimensional single-qudit XXX gates and ZZZ gates. These protocols offer a reference for further advancements in high-dimensional state generation technology and providing insights for the practical implementations of metrological enhancement, quantum simulation, high-dimensional quantum computation, and quantum error correction.
The Bell state plays a significant role in the fundamental tests of quantum mechanics, such as the nonlocality of the quantum world. The Bell-state analysis is of vice importance in quantum communication. Existing Bell-state analysis protocols usually focus on the Bell-state encoding in the physical qubit directly. In this paper, we will describe an alternative approach to realize the near complete logic Bell-state analysis for the polarized concatenated Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (C-GHZ) state with two logic qubits. We show that the logic Bell-state can be distinguished in two steps with the help of the parity-check measurement (PCM) constructed by the cross-Kerr nonlinearity. This approach can be also used to distinguish arbitrary C-GHZ state with N logic qubits. As both the recent theoretical and experiment work showed that the C-GHZ state has its robust feature in practical noisy environment, this protocol may be useful in future long-distance quantum communication based on the logic-qubit entanglement.