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Physical Review A

Teleportation of a ququart system using hyperentangled photons assisted by atomic-ensemble memories

Ming‐Xing Luo, Hui-Ran Li, Hong Lai, Xiaojun Wang

Published Jan 20, 2016• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A single photon encoded in both the spin and the orbital angular momentum has recently been experimentally demonstrated [X.-L. Wang et al., Nature 518, 516 (2015)] with linear optics using the hyperentangled state, which can be viewed as a bipartite four-dimensional (ququart) entanglement. Here, we investigate this process from a general point of view. By exploring a controlled phase flip induced by atomic ensembles in one-side optical microcavities, we propose teleportations of general ququart systems including a two-atomic-ensemble system, a two-polarized-photon system, one photon with the polarization and spatial degrees of freedom (DOFs), and a hybrid photon-ensemble system using two hyperentangled photons. The output information may also be encoded by different physical systems up to the special requirements of a receiver. These schemes are also adapted to teleportation of a ququart system with only phases or real probability amplitudes, which is beyond previous superdense teleportation [Nature Commun. 6, 7185 (2015)]. With these restrictions, half of the classical communication cost may be saved and experimental complexities are also reduced. Our theoretical schemes are feasible in modern physics and show the possibilities of transferring complex quantum systems for scalable quantum applications.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.93.012332

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A single photon encoded in both the spin and the orbital angular momentum has recently been experimentally demonstrated [X.-L. Wang et al., Nature 518, 516 (2015)] with linear optics using the hyperentangled state, which can be viewed as a bipartite four-dimensional (ququart) entanglement. Here, we investigate this process from a general point of view. By exploring a controlled phase flip induced by atomic ensembles in one-side optical microcavities, we propose teleportations of general ququart systems including a two-atomic-ensemble system, a two-polarized-photon system, one photon with the polarization and spatial degrees of freedom (DOFs), and a hybrid photon-ensemble system using two hyperentangled photons. The output information may also be encoded by different physical systems up to the special requirements of a receiver. These schemes are also adapted to teleportation of a ququart system with only phases or real probability amplitudes, which is beyond previous superdense teleportation [Nature Commun. 6, 7185 (2015)]. With these restrictions, half of the classical communication cost may be saved and experimental complexities are also reduced. Our theoretical schemes are feasible in modern physics and show the possibilities of transferring complex quantum systems for scalable quantum applications.
Transmitting quantum information between two remote parties is a requirement for many quantum applications; however, direct transmission of states is often impossible because of noise and loss in the communication channel. Entanglement-enhanced state communication can be used to avoid this issue, but current techniques require extensive experimental resources to transmit large quantum states deterministically. To reduce these resource requirements, we use photon pairs hyperentangled in polarization and orbital angular momentum to implement superdense teleportation, which can communicate a specific class of single-photon ququarts. We achieve an average fidelity of 87.0(1)%, almost twice the classical limit of 44% with reduced experimental resources than traditional techniques. We conclude by discussing the information content of this constrained set of states and demonstrate that this set has an exponentially larger state space volume than the lower-dimensional general states with the same number of state parameters.
Quantum teleportation provides a "disembodied" way to transfer quantum states from one object to another at a distant location, assisted by priorly shared entangled states and a classical communication channel. In addition to its fundamental interest, teleportation has been recognized as an important element in long-distance quantum communication, distributed quantum networks and measurement-based quantum computation. There have been numerous demonstrations of teleportation in different physical systems such as photons, atoms, ions, electrons, and superconducting circuits. Yet, all the previous experiments were limited to teleportation of one degree of freedom (DoF) only. However, a single quantum particle can naturally possess various DoFs -- internal and external -- and with coherent coupling among them. A fundamental open challenge is to simultaneously teleport multiple DoFs, which is necessary to fully describe a quantum particle, thereby truly teleporting it intactly. Here, we demonstrate the first teleportation of the composite quantum states of a single photon encoded in both the spin and orbital angular momentum. We develop a method to project and discriminate hyper-entangled Bell states exploiting probabilistic quantum non-demolition measurement, which can be extended to more DoFs. We verify the teleportation for both spin-orbit product states and hybrid entangled state, and achieve a teleportation fidelity ranging from 0.57 to 0.68, above the classical limit. Our work moves a step toward teleportation of more complex quantum systems, and demonstrates an enhanced capability for scalable quantum technologies.
Quantum teleportation is a useful quantum information technology to transmit quantum states between different degrees of freedom. Here we report a quantum state transfer experiment in the linear optical system, transferring a single-photon state in the polarization degree of freedom (DoF) to another photon in the orbital angular momentum (OAM) quantum state via a biphoton OAM entangled channel. Our experimental method is based on quantum teleportation technology. The differences between ours and the original teleportation scheme is that the transfer state is known in ours, and our method is for different particles with different DoFs, while the original one is for different particles with the same DoF. In addition, our present experiment is implemented with a high Bell efficiency since each of the four hybrid-entangled Bell states can be discriminated. We use six states of poles of the Bloch sphere to test our experiment, and the fidelity of the quantum state transfer is $91.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.3%$.
Qudits, the d-dimensional extension of qubits, open new perspectives in several fields, from fundamental quantum mechanics to quantum cryptography. Although photon polarization is a privileged choice for qubits encoding, it is not suitable for the physical realization of qudits. However, in order to realize multidimensional quantum systems, other degrees of freedom of single photons such as path or orbital angular momentum are available. When two or more degrees of freedom are exploited simultaneously we refer to "hybrid encoding". It is possible for instance to encode information in a four dimensional (ququart) hybrid space spanned by polarization and a bidimensional orbital angular momentum subspace of a single photon. Here we present how high dimensional hybrid systems can be exploited to overcome a major limitation of quantum communication: the need of a shared reference frame. Indeed the joint action of polarization and orbital angular momentum of hybrid ququarts can be exploited to realize quantum communication without a shared reference frame. We experimentally showed that, by using a proper subspace of hybrid ququart space, it is possible to perform any quantum communication protocol and violate CHSH inequalities without any information about the reference frame orientation of the two parties (except the direction of propagation of the photons). Such feature could find application in satellite based communication schemes.
Quantum teleportation is one of the most enigmatic protocols realized so far in the area of quantum information, allowing for the transfer of quantum information assisted by an entangled state. It was a subject of science fiction 20 years ago, but now is a fundamental experimental protocol and quantum primitive for quantum information processing tasks. There have been many successful realizations of teleportation ranging from those using photons, atoms, and hybrid systems and long-range teleportation beyond 100km has already been achieved multiple times. These however typically involve explicitly single particle systems or effective few-particle systems. For larger (visible to the naked eye) objects involving many particles, teleportation is typically more difficult due to the fast decoherence such macroscopic objects suffer. In this case, the entanglement disappears almost as soon as it is created, making it useless for such tasks. More recently, teleportation was accomplished in the continuous variables (CV) framework between two atomic ensembles [1]. As remarkable as these achievements are, teleportation schemes that are known today (qubit/CV) do not allow us to teleport more complex quantum states at the macroscopic level. For example, while it is possible in principle to extend teleportation to multiple qubits, on a macroscopic level this is prohibitively complicated and highly susceptible to decoherence. For atomic ensemble CV based schemes, the teleported states are restricted to small displacements from the completely Sx-polarized state on the Bloch sphere.
Quantum remote control, also known as quantum remote implementation of an operator (QRIO), enables the remote manipulation of an arbitrary quantum state by implementing a desired quantum operation at a distant location. Significant progress has recently been made in developing QRIO protocols and their variants. Most existing schemes employ hyperentangled states where entanglement is shared across multiple degrees of freedom (DOFs). However, these protocols typically exploit only one degree of freedom at a time. In this work, we propose a QRIO protocol that simultaneously utilizes the polarization and spatial DOFs of a two-qubit hyperentangled state to remotely implement an arbitrary hybrid operator on an unknown single-photon two-qubit hyperstate. The shared hyperentangled resource is realized using the polarization and spatial modes of photons, while the protocol is constructed using linear optical elements and cross-Kerr nonlinear interactions to facilitate effective photon-photon coupling. Furthermore, the effects of measurement errors arising from finite coherent state distinguishability and coherent state dissipation are analyzed and the corresponding success probability of the protocol is evaluated. The results demonstrate that an appropriate choice of the cross-Kerr phase shift and coherent state amplitude significantly enhances the protocol performance, making the proposed scheme a promising candidate for hybrid quantum communication and distributed quantum information processing.