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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Achieving Sub-Shot-Noise Absorption-Spectroscopy with Avalanche Photodiodes and with a Charge-Coupled Device

Javier Sabines-Chesterking, Rebecca Whittaker, Paul‐Antoine Moreau, Alex R. McMillan, Siddarth Koduru Joshi, Nidhin Prasannan, Chris Erven, Alex Neville, Monica Berry, Jeremy L. O’Brien, Hugo V. Cable, John Rarity, Jonathan C. F. Matthews

Published Jan 1, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We demonstrate sub-shot-noise spectroscopy, near to the ultimate quantum limit. We use heralded single photons as the optical probe and compare using single photon detectors and a CCD to demonstrate sub-shot-noise performance.
DOI
10.1364/cleo_qels.2016.ff1c.8

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The limit of precision in optical measurements is due to quantum fluctuations, which are governed by Poissonian statistics. With a clever setup, however, the authors achieve a precision in transmission measurements that beats this limit, without the selective analysis of recorded data (post-selection). This shows that the single-photon-detector approach, used by many groups worldwide, is viable for real-world optical quantum metrology, not just proof-of-principle tests. In turn, this demonstration unlocks an array of techniques for quantum-state engineering that crucially depend on single-photon detection.
The ultimate sensitivity of optical measurements is a key element of many recent works. Classically, it is mainly limited by the shot noise limit. However, a measurement setup that incorporates quantum mechanical principles can surpass the shot noise limit and reach the Heisenberg limit. Nevertheless, many of those experiments fail to break even the classical shot-noise limit. Following a recent proposal, we present here the results of optical phase measurements with a photon-number resolving detector using coherent states of up to 4200 photons on average. An additional scheme that can be implemented using standard single-photon detectors is also presented, and the results of the two schemes are compared. These measurements present deterministic single-shot sub-wavelength super-resolution up to 288 better than the optical wavelength. The results follow the classically limited sensitivity, up to 86 times better than the wavelength.
Quantum light, such as entangled photon pairs, is a special state of light that cannot be described by classical electrodynamics. Owing to its exotic nonclassical properties, the use of quantum light can open up a new possibility for spectroscopy that cannot be realized by a classical light source. Recently, using entangled photon pairs as the light source, we demonstrated ultrasensitive absorption spectroscopy with quantum-enhanced sensitivity [1]. This novel approach allows us to obtain absorption spectra with a noise level suppressed below the shot-noise limit, which is a fundamental and unavoidable limit in conventional absorption spectroscopy. In this presentation, we will discuss two applications of this sub-shot-noise absorption spectroscopy.
Absorption spectroscopy is routinely used to characterise chemical and biological samples. For the state-of-the-art in laser absorption spectroscopy, precision is theoretically limited by shot-noise due to the fundamental Poisson-distribution of photon number in laser radiation. In practice, the shot-noise limit can only be achieved when all other sources of noise are eliminated. Here, we use wavelength-correlated and tuneable photon pairs to demonstrate how absorption spectroscopy can be performed with precision beyond the shot-noise limit and near the ultimate quantum limit by using the optimal probe for absorption measurement—single photons. We present a practically realisable scheme, which we characterise both the precision and accuracy of by measuring the response of a control feature. We demonstrate that the technique can successfully probe liquid samples and using two spectrally similar types of haemoglobin we show that obtaining a given precision in resolution requires fewer heralded single probe photons compared to using an idealised laser.