We study the relation between hidden variables theories and quantum computation.We discuss an inconsistency between a hidden variables theory and controllability of quantum computation.To derive the inconsistency, we use the maximum value of the square of an expected value.We propose a solution of the problem by using new hidden variables theory.Also we discuss an inconsistency between hidden variables theories and the double-slit experiment as the most basic experiment in quantum mechanics.This experiment can be an easy detector to Pauli observable.We cannot accept hidden variables theories to simulate the double-slit experiment in a specific case.Hidden variables theories may not depicture quantum detector.This is a quantum measurement theoretical profound problem.We study the relation between hidden variables theories and quantum computation.We discuss an inconsistency between a hidden variables theory and controllability of quantum computation.To derive the inconsistency, we use the maximum value of the square of an expected value.We propose a solution of the problem by using new hidden variables theory.Also we discuss an inconsistency between hidden variables theories and the double-slit experiment as the most basic experiment in quantum mechanics.This experiment can be an easy detector to Pauli observable.We cannot accept hidden variables theories to simulate the double-slit experiment in a specific case.Hidden variables theories may not depicture quantum detector.This is a quantum measurement theoretical profound problem.

OALibJan 1, 20150 citations

The Hidden Variables Theory

Israel Fried

Glasstree eBooksNov 26, 20160 citations

Chemical Hidden Variable Theory

Jincheng Zhang

This paper introduces the Chemical Hidden Variable Theory (CHVT), a novel approach to theoretical chemistry predicated on the belief that existing chemical theories fundamentally lack crucial variables. Drawing an analogy with the historical search for hidden variables in quantum mechanics, CHVT posits the existence of underlying, unobserved chemical variables that dictate the behavior of chemical systems. The core objective of CHVT is to identify and model these "Hidden Chemical Variables" (HCVs) to potentially revolutionize our understanding of chemical phenomena. This paper outlines the fundamental concepts, proposed methodologies, and potential implications of CHVT, focusing on the identification and mathematical representation of HCVs. The theory relies on a revised understanding of probabilistic descriptions in chemistry, suggesting that observed probabilities are not inherent but rather results of the influence of these hidden variables. The central argument is that a more complete description of chemical systems requires acknowledging and incorporating these HCVs, leading to more accurate predictions and a deeper understanding of chemical reactions and properties. The exploration of HCVs promises a shift from purely probabilistic models to a more deterministic, yet fundamentally quantum-influenced, framework for chemical theory. ---This paper introduces the Chemical Hidden Variable Theory (CHVT), a novel approach to theoretical chemistry predicated on the belief that existing chemical theories fundamentally lack crucial variables. Drawing an analogy with the historical search for hidden variables in quantum mechanics, CHVT posits the existence of underlying, unobserved chemical variables that dictate the behavior of chemical systems. The core objective of CHVT is to identify and model these "Hidden Chemical Variables" (HCVs) to potentially revolutionize our understanding of chemical phenomena. This paper outlines the fundamental concepts, proposed methodologies, and potential implications of CHVT, focusing on the identification and mathematical representation of HCVs. The theory relies on a revised understanding of probabilistic descriptions in chemistry, suggesting that observed probabilities are not inherent but rather results of the influence of these hidden variables. The central argument is that a more complete description of chemical systems requires acknowledging and incorporating these HCVs, leading to more accurate predictions and a deeper understanding of chemical reactions and properties. The exploration of HCVs promises a shift from purely probabilistic models to a more deterministic, yet fundamentally quantum-influenced, framework for chemical theory. ---

Aug 21, 20260 citations

A Hidden Variable Theory

The MIT Press eBooksMay 28, 20190 citations

Hidden Variables Theories

Jean Bricmont

History of physicsJan 1, 20260 citations

Stern-Gerlach Experiment, Quantum Phase Factor, and Hidden-Variables Theories

Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura

We discuss whether the Stern-Gerlach experiment accepts hidden-variables theories. We discuss that the existence of two spin-1/2 pure states $|\uparrow\rangle$ and $|\downarrow\rangle$ rules out the existence of probability space of specific quantum measurement. If we detect $|\uparrow\rangle$ , then measurement outcome is $+1$ . If we detect $|\downarrow\rangle$ , then measurement outcome is $-1$ . This hidden-variables theory does not accept the transition probability $|\langle\uparrow|\downarrow\rangle|^2=0$ . Therefore we have to give up the hidden-variables theory. This implies the Stern-Gerlach experiment cannot accept the specific hidden-variables theory. And we study whether quantum phase factor accepts hidden-variables theories. We use the transition probability for two spin-1/2 pure states $(|\uparrow\rangle+|\downarrow\rangle)/\sqrt{2}$ and $(|\uparrow\rangle+e^{i \theta}|\downarrow\rangle)/\sqrt{2}$ . It is $\cos^2(\theta/2)$ . We discuss that the phase factor does not accept another specific hidden-variables theory. We explore the phase factor is indeed a quantum effect, not classical. Our research gives a new insight to the quantum information processing which relies on quantum phase factor, such as Deutsch's algorithm.We discuss whether the Stern-Gerlach experiment accepts hidden-variables theories. We discuss that the existence of two spin-1/2 pure states $|\uparrow\rangle$ and $|\downarrow\rangle$ rules out the existence of probability space of specific quantum measurement. If we detect $|\uparrow\rangle$, then measurement outcome is $+1$. If we detect $|\downarrow\rangle$, then measurement outcome is $-1$. This hidden-variables theory does not accept the transition probability $|\langle\uparrow|\downarrow\rangle|^2=0$. Therefore we have to give up the hidden-variables theory. This implies the Stern-Gerlach experiment cannot accept the specific hidden-variables theory. And we study whether quantum phase factor accepts hidden-variables theories. We use the transition probability for two spin-1/2 pure states $(|\uparrow\rangle+|\downarrow\rangle)/\sqrt{2}$ and $(|\uparrow\rangle+e^{i \theta}|\downarrow\rangle)/\sqrt{2}$. It is $\cos^2(\theta/2)$. We discuss that the phase factor does not accept another specific hidden-variables theory. We explore the phase factor is indeed a quantum effect, not classical. Our research gives a new insight to the quantum information processing which relies on quantum phase factor, such as Deutsch's algorithm.

Mar 1, 20140 citations

We discuss whether the Stern-Gerlach experiment accepts hidden-variables theories. We discuss that the existence of two spin-1/2 pure states

|\uparrow\rangle

and

|\downarrow\rangle

rules out the existence of probability space of specific quantum measurement. If we detect

|\uparrow\rangle

, then measurement outcome is

+1

. If we detect

|\downarrow\rangle

, then measurement outcome is

-1

. This hidden-variables theory does not accept the transition probability

|\langle\uparrow|\downarrow\rangle|^2=0

. Therefore we have to give up the hidden-variables theory. This implies the Stern-Gerlach experiment cannot accept the specific hidden-variables theory. And we study whether quantum phase factor accepts hidden-variables theories. We use the transition probability for two spin-1/2 pure states

(|\uparrow\rangle+|\downarrow\rangle)/\sqrt{2}

and

(|\uparrow\rangle+e^{i \theta}|\downarrow\rangle)/\sqrt{2}

. It is

\cos^2(\theta/2)

. We discuss that the phase factor does not accept another specific hidden-variables theory. We explore the phase factor is indeed a quantum effect, not classical. Our research gives a new insight to the quantum information processing which relies on quantum phase factor, such as Deutsch's algorithm.