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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Thermodynamic of mixtures of ultracold Rydberg gases with different levels of excitation

B. V. Zelener, Sergey Ya. Bronin, A. B. Klyarfeld

Published Nov 1, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The physical model of the particle system describing the thermodynamics of mixtures of ultracold Rydberg gases with different levels of excitation are proposed. In our model system of particles is a mixture of atoms in S -state and atoms in the P -state. To calculate the thermodynamic of the mixture Rydberg gases the method of Monte-Carlo was used. Computational results of the spatial correlations of dipoles depending on the coupling parameter are presented. At some value of the nonideality parameter the dipole chains are formed.

DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/774/1/012163

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The physical model of the particle system describing the thermodynamics of mixtures of ultracold Rydberg gases with different levels of excitation are proposed. In our model system of particles is a mixture of atoms in S -state and atoms in the P -state. To calculate the thermodynamic of the mixture Rydberg gases the method of Monte-Carlo was used. Computational results of the spatial correlations of dipoles depending on the coupling parameter are presented. At some value of the nonideality parameter the dipole chains are formed.
The possibility of experimental creation of a system of Rydberg atoms with an arbitrary probability distribution of their dipole moments is shown. The equation of state is calculated by the Monte Carlo method in the NVT ensemble for two options of the distribution: isotropic distribution and distribution for the system of identical dipoles. Critical parameters of the phase transition and the binodal are determined in both cases. Critical temperatures for both options virtually coincide. However, critical density for isotropic distribution is 20 times higher. It is shown that the absence of spatial separation in the region of coexistence of dense and dilute phases is a specific feature of the phase transition in dipole systems, and such absence of separation is due to the topological features of clusters of the dense phase. Areas of parameters for the experimental observation of the self-organisation of ultracold Rydberg atoms on the existing experimental stands are determined.
Abstract We have investigated formation of structures of Rydberg atoms excited from a disordered gas of ultracold atoms, using rate equations (REs) for two-photon Rydberg excitation in a single atom without eliminating the intermediate state. We have explored the validity range of these REs and defined a simple measure to determine, whether our model is applicable for a given set of laser parameters. We have applied these REs in Monte Carlo simulations of ultracold gases, for different laser beam profiles, and compared these simulations to experimental observations and find a general agreement.
Theoretical investigations of the properties of Rydberg matter, more precisely, a nonideal ultracold plasma, which is one of the forms of this matter, are reviewed. Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics studies indicate that structures with both short- and long-range orders can be formed and that the recombination coefficient in the case of strong nonideality, can be several orders of magnitude smaller than that under ideal conditions. These and other results obtained in the past several years are discussed.
We consider an open quantum system of ultracold Rydberg atoms. The system part consists of resonant dipole–dipole-interacting Rydberg states. The environment part is formed by 'three-level atoms': each atom has a ground state, a short-lived excited state, and a Rydberg state that interacts with the system states. The two transitions in the environment atoms are optically driven, and provide control over the environment dynamics. Appropriate choice of the laser parameters allows us to prepare a Boltzmann distribution of the system's eigenstates. By tuning the laser parameters and system-environment interaction, we can change the temperature associated with this Boltzmann distribution, and also the thermalization dynamics. Our method provides novel opportunities for quantum simulation of thermalization dynamics using ultracold Rydberg atoms.
Pulsed laser excitation of a dense ultracold Cs vapor has been used to study the pairwise interactions between Cs atoms excited to np3/2n{p}_{3/2}np3/2​ Rydberg states of principal quantum numbers in the range n=22−−36n=22--36n=22−−36. Molecular resonances were observed that correspond to excitation of Rydberg-atom-pair states correlated not only to the np3/2+np3/2n{p}_{3/2}+n{p}_{3/2}np3/2​+np3/2​ dissociation asymptotes, but also to $n{s}_{1/2}+(n+1){s}_{1/2}, n{s}_{1/2}+{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}{f}_{j}$, and $(n\ensuremath{-}4){f}_{j}+(n\ensuremath{-}3){f}_{j}\phantom{\rule{4pt}{0ex}}(j=5/2,7/2)$ dissociation asymptotes. These pair resonances are interpreted as arising from dipole-dipole and higher-order long-range-interaction terms between the Rydberg atoms on the basis of (i) their spectral positions, (ii) their response to static and pulsed electric fields, and (iii) millimeter-wave spectra between pair states correlated to different pair-dissociation asymptotes. The Rydberg-atom-pair states were found to spontaneously decay by Penning ionization and the dynamics of the ionization process were investigated during the first 15 $\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{s}$ following initial photoexcitation. To interpret the experimental observations, a potential model was derived that is based on the numerical determination of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the long-range interaction Hamiltonian. With this potential model, which does not include adjustable parameters, all experimental observations could be accounted for, and the results demonstrate that long-range-interaction models provide a global and accurate description of interactions in ultracold Rydberg gases and that they correctly account for, and enable the analysis of, phenomena as diverse as the formation of Rydberg macrodimers, Penning ionization in dense Rydberg gases, and Rydberg-excitation-blockade effects.
In this thesis we investigate the properties of mixtures of Bose gases in one dimensions at zero temperature using quantum Monte-Carlo methods. First we investigate the limiting case of an impurity interacting with an atomic bath. We characterize the impurity, by calculating its effective mass, binding energy as well as the contact parameter between the impurity and the bath. In particular, we find that the effective mass rapidly increases to very large values when the impurity gets strongly coupled to an otherwise weakly repulsive bath. Then we describe uniform balanced mixtures with repulsive interactions. We investigate the miscibility phase diagram of the two components and find that correlations do not alter the phase diagram predicted by mean-field theories. We investigate the Andreev-Bashkin effect , a non-dissipative drag between the the two components of the gas and find that the drag becomes very large in the strongly interacting regime. In non-homogeneous systems we also investigate the frequency of the spin-dipole mode. Finally we describe mixtures with attractive inter-species interactions, where one can obtain a liquid ground state because of the competition between the inter-species attraction and intra-species repulsion. We characterize the the liquid and we find that the liquid state can be formed if the ratio of coupling strengths between inter-species attractive and intra-species repulsive interactions exceeds a critical value.