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International Journal of Security and Its Applications

Fundamental Two-Party Quantum Secret Sharing Protocol without Quantum Entanglement

Jun‐Cheol Jeon

Published Aug 31, 2015• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol techniques are used in the distribution of keys using the laws of physics.Quantum secret sharing (QSS), quantum secure direct communication, and quantum teleportation, which are all included under QKD, are used to share or distribute a secure key in a quantum environment.In QSS, we share a key based on the quantum properties of light.We emphasize cooperation between communicating parties to eliminate untrustworthy members and to improve the strength of the key.The results obtained showed that using the proposed method, it is difficult for eavesdroppers to obtain the key.

DOI
10.14257/ijsia.2015.9.8.26

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Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol techniques are used in the distribution of keys using the laws of physics.Quantum secret sharing (QSS), quantum secure direct communication, and quantum teleportation, which are all included under QKD, are used to share or distribute a secure key in a quantum environment.In QSS, we share a key based on the quantum properties of light.We emphasize cooperation between communicating parties to eliminate untrustworthy members and to improve the strength of the key.The results obtained showed that using the proposed method, it is difficult for eavesdroppers to obtain the key.
Quantum cryptography is a well-stated field within quantum applications where quantum information is used to set secure communications, authentication, and secret keys. Now used in quantum devices with those purposes, particularly Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), which proposes a secret key between two parties free of effective eavesdropping, at least at a higher level than classical cryptography. The best-known quantum protocol to securely share a secret key is the BB84 one. Other protocols have been proposed as adaptations of it. Most of them are based on the quantum indeterminacy for non-orthogonal quantum states. Their security is commonly based on the large length of the key. In the current work, a BB84-like procedure for QKD based on double quantum teleportation allows the sharing of the key statement using several parties. Thus, the quantum bits of information are assembled among three parties via entanglement, instead of travelling through a unique quantum channel as in the traditional protocol. Asymmetry in the double teleportation plus post-measurement retains the secrecy in the process. Despite requiring more complex control and resources, the procedure dramatically reduces the probability of success for an eavesdropper under individual attacks, because of the ignorance of the processing times in the procedure. Quantum Bit Error Rate remains in the acceptable threshold and it becomes configurable. The article depicts the double quantum teleportation procedure, the associated control to introduce the QKD scheme, the analysis of individual attacks performed by an eavesdropper, and a brief comparison with other protocols.
This work presents quantum key distribution protocols (QKDPs) to safeguard security in large networks, efficiency is improved as the proposed protocols contain the fewest number of communication rounds and two parties can share and use a long-term secret Key. Quantum cryptography is basically based on a trusted channel in communication between two parties compared to classical channel. Recently, Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) has become more secure transmission method used to transmit secret key between two legitimate parties. This paper discusses the implementation of (QKD) protocol with the existence of an eavesdropper. The implementation simulates the communication of two parties who wish to share a secret key with the existing of eavesdropper. The existing of eavesdropper is simulated with two kinds of attacks, which is used as parameter to measure the length of final key agreed by both authenticated parties at the end of the communication.
In this paper, we investigate properties of some multi-particle entangled states and, from the properties applying the secret sharing present a new type of quantum key distribution protocols as generalization of quantum key distribution between two persons. In the protocols each group can retrieve the secure key string, only if all members in each group should cooperate with one another. We also show that the protocols are secure against an external eavesdropper using the intercept/resend strategy.
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is considered as an ideal method to make secret message unreadable to eaves-dropper but intelligible to the two authorized parties of the communication [1][2][3][4][5][6].In the research of experimental quantum key distribution, single photons and entangled photon pairs are used as the carriers.In quantum key distribution, secret keys are generated first between the communication parties.The security of quantum key distribution is guaranteed by the laws of quantum mechanics.After the quantum key distribution is completed, the communication parties should share secret keys, then the sender encrypts the secret message using the secret keys to form the ciphertext and transmits the ciphertext through a classical channel.The receiver receives the ciphertext and then decrypt the ciphertext to get the secret message.Altogether there are four steps in a secret communication process with QKD: key generation, encryption, transmission and decryption.Here in this review, we review some new development in quantum communication, quantum direct communication (QDC).Quantum direct communication is a form of quantum communication where secret messages can be transmitted through a quantum channel with or without additional classical communications.There are two forms of quantum direct communication, quantum secure direct communication (QSDC) [7{9] and deterministic secure quantum communication (DSQC) [10,11].In QSDC, secret messages are transmitted directly between the communication parties, from sender Alice to receiver Bob, without additional classical communication except those for the necessary eavesdropping check.In other words, the quantum key distribution process and the classical communication of ciphertext are condensed into one single quantum communication procedure in QSDC.Deterministic secure quantum communication is another type of quantum direct communication, such as those proposed in Ref. [10,11], where classical communication is required in order to read out the secret message.As mentioned earlier, to complete a secure communication with the help of QKD, one usually encodes the secret message with an encryption scheme, and the ciphered text is transmitted through a classical channel.With a quantum channel, this procedure can be varied.
Quantum cryptography is considered a solution for sharing secret information in a secure mode. Establishing a quantum security platform into an exciting system requires a package of stable processes. One of these processes is based on creating a Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) protocol or sharing a secret key. This paper presents a QKD protocol that utilizes two quantum channels to prepare a shared secret key. The first communication channel will be initiated by entanglement states, where the entangled photons will be emitted by a trusted third party. The second communication channel utilizes the superposition states that will be initiated by the one of the communicated parties. Moreover, the protocol produces a string of random qubits after verifying the communicated legitimate parties during entangled state channels. The produced string will reflect the shared secret key between the users.