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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Coupling atomic excitation and surface modes in dielectric cavity-QED

H. Failache, A. Fischer, Solomon M. Saltiel, M.–P. Gorza, M. Fichet, Daniel Bloch, M. Ducloy

Published Aug 29, 2005• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given. The topic of quantum cavity electrodynamics is to describe the coupling between the fluctuations of an atomic system and the vacuum e.m. field, when special boundary conditions are imposed by a cavity to the vacuum field. A realistic description of these boundary conditions is hence of crucial importance. For such a purpose, the unavoidable dispersive spectral properties of any material cavity cannot be ignored when dealing with (temporal) fluctuations. For these reasons, we have embarked on an (experimental) analysis of the resonant long-range coupling between atomic excitation and the surface modes of a cavity (most often restricted to a simple wall, i.e. a flat open cavity). In our present investigations, we are concerned with the exploration of the dissipative counterpart of the resonant atom-surface van der Waals coupling.

DOI
10.1109/iqec.2000.907789

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Summary form only given. The topic of quantum cavity electrodynamics is to describe the coupling between the fluctuations of an atomic system and the vacuum e.m. field, when special boundary conditions are imposed by a cavity to the vacuum field. A realistic description of these boundary conditions is hence of crucial importance. For such a purpose, the unavoidable dispersive spectral properties of any material cavity cannot be ignored when dealing with (temporal) fluctuations. For these reasons, we have embarked on an (experimental) analysis of the resonant long-range coupling between atomic excitation and the surface modes of a cavity (most often restricted to a simple wall, i.e. a flat open cavity). In our present investigations, we are concerned with the exploration of the dissipative counterpart of the resonant atom-surface van der Waals coupling.
Over the past ten years, our group has investigated the effects of confinement on atoms inside metallic micron–sized cavities in order to elucidate some basic phenomena in the field of cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED). The first of these was the inhibition of spontaneous emission from an atom inside a cavity. This was followed by a laser spectroscopic measurement of the van der Waals interaction between a single Rydberg atom and a gold cavity, which showed that a simple electrostatic model of the atom–cavity interaction is correct when the cavity is small enough. More recently, the retarded Casimir–Polder force was measured between a ground state sodium atom and a large cavity, demonstrating that the van der Waals potential fails at long enough range and that the vacuum fluctuations of the field then have an important role in the interaction of the atom with the cavity. Our group is now pushing forward these investigations to study cavities whose walls have losses and dispersion, where the theory of cavity QED is significantly more complicated. With real surfaces, we have to deal with the complex dielectric response ε(ω) of the material, which exhibits frequency–dependent absorption and dispersion. One particularly interesting case is when a downward transition in the atom is resonant with an excitation of the cavity walls. This opens a new branch for the atomic decay: as an alternative to creating a photon within the space surrounded by the cavity walls the atomic decay can now create an electromagnetic excitation of the walls themselves. Another novel feature of our experiments is that the Bohr frequencies of the atom are close to the kT/h, where T is room temperature. We therefore expect to be able to measure effects associated with QED at finite temperature; in other words, to study how the blackbody radiation affects our experiments. By conducting experiments with real surfaces, we hope to elucidate and perhaps simplify the theoretical models used to describe these systems.
This chapter deals with atom-wall interaction occurring in the "long-range" regime (typical distances: 1-1000 nm), when the electromagnetic fluctuations of an isolated atom are modified by the vicinity with a surface. Various regimes of interaction are discussed in an Introductory part, from Cavity Quantum ElectroDynamics modifications of the spontaneous emission, to Casimir effect, with emphasis on the atom-surface van der Waals interaction, characterized as a near-field interaction governed by a z-3 dependence. The major part of the Chapter focuses on the experimental measurements of this van der Waals interaction, reviewing various recent techniques, and insists upon optical techniques, and notably selective reflection spectroscopy which is particularly well-suited when excited atoms are considered. A review of various experiments illustrates the specific effects associated with a resonant coupling between the atomic excitation and surface modes, from van der Waals repulsion to surface-induced resonant transfer, and with anisotropy effects, including metastability transfer induced by a quadrupole contribution in the interaction. The effects of a thermal excitation of the surface -with a possible remote energy transfer to an atom-, and of interaction with nanobodies -which are intrinsically non planar- are notably discussed among the prospects.
The atomic response to resonant light irradiation near vapor-dielectric interfaces is monitored via high-resolution reflection spectroscopy. One demonstrates that this Doppler-free spectroscopic technique yields a novel probe of atomic dynamics and QED atom-surface long- range interaction. It provides for the first time a spectral evidence of van der Waals attraction, and the method is intrinsically applicable to the observation of surface interaction exerted on excited atoms. Effects related with atomic excitation level, nature of the dielectrics, and atomic collisions are discussed.
Abstract We consider the resonant van der Waals (vdW) interaction between two correlated identical two-level atoms (at least one of which being excited) within the framework of macroscopic cavity quantum electrodynamics in linear, dispersing and absorbing media. The interaction of both atoms with the body-assisted electromagnetic field of the cavity is assumed to be strong. Our time-independent evaluation is based on an extended Jaynes–Cummings model. For a system prepared in a superposition of its dressed states, we derive the general form of the vdW forces, using a Lorentzian single-mode approximation. We demonstrate the applicability of this approach by considering the case of a planar cavity and showing the position dependence of Rabi oscillations. We also show that in the limiting case of weak coupling, our results reproduce the perturbative ones for the case where the field is initially in vacuum state while the atomic state is in a superposition of two correlated states sharing one excitation.