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IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience

Capacity Evaluation of a Quantum-Based Channel in a Biological Context

Valéria Loscrì, Anna Maria Vegni

Published Oct 25, 2016• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Nanotechnology, as enabler of the miniaturization of devices in a scale ranging from 1 to few hundreds of nm , represents a viable solution for “ alternative” communication paradigms that could be effective in complex networked systems, as body area networks. Traditional communication paradigms are not effective in the context of joint body and nano-networked systems, for several reasons, and then novel approaches have been investigated such as nanomechanical, electromagnetic, acoustic, molecular, etc. On the other hand, quantum phenomena represent a natural direction for developing nanotechnology, since it has to be considered as a new scale where new phenomena can occur and can be exploited for information purpose. Specific quantum particles are phonons, the quanta of mechanical vibrations (i.e., acoustic excitations), that can be analyzed as potential information carriers in a body networked context. In this paper we will focus on the generation of phonons from photon-phonon interaction, by irradiating a sample of human tissue with an electro-magnetic field, and then we will theoretically derive the information capacity and the bit rate in the frequency range [103- 1012] Hz.

DOI
10.1109/tnb.2016.2620719

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Nanotechnology, as enabler of the miniaturization of devices in a scale ranging from 1 to few hundreds of nm , represents a viable solution for “ alternative” communication paradigms that could be effective in complex networked systems, as body area networks. Traditional communication paradigms are not effective in the context of joint body and nano-networked systems, for several reasons, and then novel approaches have been investigated such as nanomechanical, electromagnetic, acoustic, molecular, etc. On the other hand, quantum phenomena represent a natural direction for developing nanotechnology, since it has to be considered as a new scale where new phenomena can occur and can be exploited for information purpose. Specific quantum particles are phonons, the quanta of mechanical vibrations (i.e., acoustic excitations), that can be analyzed as potential information carriers in a body networked context. In this paper we will focus on the generation of phonons from photon-phonon interaction, by irradiating a sample of human tissue with an electro-magnetic field, and then we will theoretically derive the information capacity and the bit rate in the frequency range [103- 1012] Hz.
Quantum communications are gaining more and more interest in the research community thanks to the recent advancements in nanotechnology. Indeed, quantum phenomena represent a natural direction for developing nanotechnology. The exploitation of quantum nature of information offers new potential solutions in the field of computing and networking, and extends the communication potentiality to levels that cannot be imagined in classical communication systems. Quantum communications can be realized in different ways. In this paper, we focus on the exploitation of quantum particles and quantum channels, in order to realize a data transmission system by means of phonons. First, we introduce the channel model of a phonon-based quantum system, and then derive the analysis of the error probability associated to such quantum channel. The application scenario is a biological environment, where phonons are exploited as information carriers. We have dealt a numerical evaluation in order to assess the performance of the quantum communication system. In particular, we have derived numerical results in terms of the error probability and the activity time, which represent how effective are phonons for communication purpose. We observe the frequency dependence of both error probability and activity time, thus allowing to tune the frequency for performance optimization.
Atoms, ions, and superconducting qubits are all examples of quantum objects, capable of producing and processing individual quanta of light, known as photons. Mechanical movement can be quantized in the same way as light, into particles of vibration known as phonons. Recent experiments have shown that quantum information generated in qubits can be converted to vibrations in mechanical resonators, which resemble miniature drum skins or piano strings. Such resonators restrict motion to their discrete and stationary modes, and thus serve as \emph{local storage units} for phonons. Here, we demonstrate the use of phonons as \emph{propagating carriers} of quantum information, by coupling them strongly to a superconducting qubit. The phonons thus serve the same role as itinerant photons have in the field of quantum optics. Due to the low speed of sound and a potential for very strong coupling, the use of propagating phonons as quantum carriers allows regimes to be explored which are difficult or impossible to reach with photons.
Quantum phenomena are typically observable at length and time scales smaller than those of our everyday experience, often involving individual particles or excitations. The past few decades have seen a revolution in the ability to structure matter at the nanoscale, and experiments at the single particle level have become commonplace. This has opened wide new avenues for exploring and harnessing quantum mechanical effects in condensed matter. These quantum phenomena, in turn, have the potential to revolutionize the way we communicate, compute and probe the nanoscale world. Here, we review developments in key areas of quantum research in light of the nanotechnologies that enable them, with a view to what the future holds. Materials and devices with nanoscale features are used for quantum metrology and sensing, as building blocks for quantum computing, and as sources and detectors for quantum communication. They enable explorations of quantum behaviour and unconventional states in nano- and opto-mechanical systems, low-dimensional systems, molecular devices, nano-plasmonics, quantum electrodynamics, scanning tunnelling microscopy, and more. This rapidly expanding intersection of nanotechnology and quantum science/technology is mutually beneficial to both fields, laying claim to some of the most exciting scientific leaps of the last decade, with more on the horizon.
Quantum Physics Quantum information processing platforms typically require qubits to talk to each other. To date, photons (either optical or microwave) have been the carrier of choice to transfer quantum states between the qubits. For some solid-state systems, however, the vibrational properties of the materials themselves, phonons, could be advantageous. Bienfait et al. describe the deterministic emission and capture of itinerant phonons through an acoustic communication channel, enabling the phonon-based coherent transfer of quantum states from one superconducting qubit to another and the quantum entanglement of the two qubits over the acoustic channel. The results provide a route to couple hybrid quantum solid-state systems using surface acoustic waves. Science , this issue p. [368][1] [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aaw8415
Microscale and nanoscale mechanical resonators have been used in advanced technological applications, from high precision time keeping and mass sensing, to processing high frequency signals in mobile communications. In the last few decades, they have been an important part of progress in the field of quantum information and metrology and have been proposed as quantum memories or transducers for measuring or connecting different types of quantum systems. The field of cavity optomechanics and electromechanics is concerned with coupling the electromagnetic field of a resonant optical cavity or electrical circuit to mechanical motion. These systems provide potential means to control and engineer the state of a mechanical object at the quantum level. This thesis contains the description of mechanical systems in megahertz to a few hundred megahertz frequency range formed by nano-fabricating photonic, phononic, and electrical circuits on a chip. These structures are designed to provide a large radiation pressure coupling between mechanical motion and electromagnetic fields to address and manipulate motional degrees of freedom. Qualitatively novel quantum effects are expected when one takes a step beyond linear coupling and exploits higher order interactions. To that end, we integrate electrical, mechanical and photonic structures in a multimode photonic crystal structure to observe "x2-coupling", where the optical cavity frequency is coupled to the square of the mechanical displacement. Moreover, we have developed two integrated on-chip platforms based on Si3N4 and Si nanomembranes capable of interfacing superconducting qubits and optical photons and realizing reversible microwave-to-optical conversion. We employ radiation pressure to cool these mechanical resonators to their quantum ground state. Finally, we demonstrate a form of electromechanical crystal for coupling microwave photons and hypersonic phonons of frequency ωm/2π = 0.425 GHz by capacitively coupling a phononic crystal acoustic cavity to a superconducting microwave resonator. Moving to higher frequency acoustic cavities not only facilitates the integration of electromechanical circuits and nanophotonic systems capable of operation in the resolved sideband limit of optomechanics for noise-free quantum signal conversion, but it opens up the possibility of using phonons as information carriers via phononic circuits. Utilizing a two-photon resonance condition for efficient microwave pumping and phononic bandgap shield to eliminate acoustic radiation, we achieve large cooperative electromechanical coupling (C ≈ 30) and intrinsic decay time of 2.3 ms. Moreover, electrical read-out of the phonon occupancy shows that the acoustic mode thermalizes close to its quantum ground-state of motion (phonon occupancy nm=1.5) at a fridge temperature of Tf = 10 mK. We conclude by considering several designs and fabrication improvements to the hypersonic electromechanical crystals that would enable them to perform quantum conversion between the electrical and acoustic domain.