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Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

Secret key agreement based on a communication through wireless MIMO-based fading channels

Guillermo B. Morales-Luna, Victor Yakovlev, Коржик Валерий Иванович, Pavel Mylnikov

Published Oct 2, 2016• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The method of key sharing between a mobile unit and a base station through a wireless MIMO-based fading channel is investigated.The description of a key distribution protocol is given.The expression to estimate the correct key bit agreement based on the use of guard interval is proved.Statistical properties of the key string are tested using the NIST criteria.Impossibility of key string eavesdropping by illegal users is guaranteed due to small values of correlation between legal and eavesdropper carrier phases.Numerical examples show that the MIMO system with 8 antennas is able to agree 256 bits with a reliability value 0.99 for SNR equal to 35 dB.This experiment confirms that the MIMO scenario is especially effective for secret key distribution.

DOI
10.15439/2016f85

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The method of key sharing between a mobile unit and a base station through a wireless MIMO-based fading channel is investigated.The description of a key distribution protocol is given.The expression to estimate the correct key bit agreement based on the use of guard interval is proved.Statistical properties of the key string are tested using the NIST criteria.Impossibility of key string eavesdropping by illegal users is guaranteed due to small values of correlation between legal and eavesdropper carrier phases.Numerical examples show that the MIMO system with 8 antennas is able to agree 256 bits with a reliability value 0.99 for SNR equal to 35 dB.This experiment confirms that the MIMO scenario is especially effective for secret key distribution.
The method of secret key sharing between units that did not possess any secret keys in advance is considered.It is assumed that between these units there are duplex wireless MIMO fading channels.In a recent paper published by D. Qin and Z. Dingh a new key sharing protocol has been proposed between legitimate users based on eigenvalues which are invariant under permutation of two matrices in their product.We extend this statement to a characteristic polynomial and by the way to matrix trace.Methods of key bits extraction are optimized both theoretically and experimentally.On the contrary to a statement of D. Qin and Z. Ding we prove that their key sharing protocol occurs insecure if eavesdroppers have the same channels as legitimate users.In order to provide reliability and security of the shared keys both error correction codes and privacy amplification methods can be used.
Much attention has recently been paid to methods of shared secret key generation that exploit the random characteristics of the amplitude and phase of a received signal and common channel symmetry in wireless communication systems. Protocols based on the phase of a received signal, due to the uniform distribution phase of fading channel, are suitable in both static and dynamic environments and, they have a key generation rate (KGR) higher than protocols based on received signal strength (RSS).In addition, previous works have generally focused on key generation protocol for single-antenna (SISO) systems but these have not produced a significant KGR. So in this paper to increase the randomness and key generation rate are used received signal phase estimations on multiple-antenna (MIMO) systems because they have the potential to present more random variables in key generation compared to SISO systems. The results of simulation show that the KGR of the proposed protocol is 4 and 9 times more than the KGR of a SISO system, when the numbers of transmitter and receiver antennas are the same and equal to 2 and 3, respectively. Also, the key generation rate will increase considerably, when to extract the secret key bits using multilevel quantization.
Dynamic secret key generation from wireless channel characteristics is a promising technique for physical layer security. One of the important issues in this field is extending the secret key’s length while preserving its uniformity and randomness. This paper proposes a key generation method based on time-varying and the reciprocity of wireless channels for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) wireless communication systems. In the proposed technique, the complex impulse response (CIR) of the estimated channel state information (CSI) is extracted, and a quantization algorithm is designed to convert the maximum peaks of the CIR into secret key bits. The effectiveness of the proposed key generation technique is assessed in terms of the randomness of the produced key bits with different key lengths by using a statistical test suite of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The proposed technique is employed in the MIMO-OFDM systems with different modulation schemes through Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh channels. The simulation results show that the secret keys with various key lengths generated from the proposed technique for the MIMO-OFDM systems guarantee randomness. Moreover, the proposed CSI-based key generation technique provides better effectiveness in terms of security when compared to some existing techniques.
It has been proposed recently an approach to generate secret key exploiting reactance-domain scalar response of multipath fading channel. However, the security of the shared key has not been adequately investigated. In this paper we propose a mathematical model of the key distribution protocol based on the use of a Variable-Directional Antenna (VDA) acting on multipath wireless channels. The security of the key distribution protocol (KDP) is estimated in terms of Shannon's information leaking to an eavesdropper. Statistical properties of VDA are investigated by simulation that results in an opportunity to calculate the security of the KDP depending on the mutual locations of the legal user and the eavesdropper. Antenna diversity is considered as a measure to enhance a level of the KDP security.
MIMO and MIMO-OFDM systems are the enabling technologies for the next generation wireless systems. However, the radio signals transmitted are available for reception by a illegitimate user leading to eavesdropping. This raises severe concerns on the security of the transmission. Physical Layer security aims to exploit the wireless channel characteristics and in turn provide secure transmission robust against eavesdropping. In this paper, we investigate the Secret Key Capacity (SKC) in MIMO-OFDM systems. We derive expressions for SKC in MIMO systems and extend further to OFDM waveforms. Numerical simulations are performed for various transmit and receive antenna configurations without any estimation errors.
The Wireless Key Distribution is one of the most promising and fast growing areas in modern applied cryptography. This area covers various techniques of secure secret key distribution between two legitimate users who share a common radio channel with unpredictable signal fading in a multipath environment. In essence, the pair of legitimate nodes uses their multipath radio channel as a source of common randomness to establish a shared encryption key. There are a number of studies have been presented in recent publications devoted to experimental implementation of the Wireless Key Distribution using random variations in the received power of fading signal. Despite a number of valuable benefits, there is a much fewer experimental verifications of phase method with all of them are limited to a key distribution within some indoor environments only. Apparently, this is due to the technical difficulties of precise synchronization of legitimate users' equipment to provide coherent carrier phase measurements in a microwave radio frequency range. In this regard, our experiments can be considered as the first experimental verification of secure Wireless Key Distribution by observing random variations in the carrier phase of multipath signal at moving a mobile user within a real outdoor environment. To perform this, we used wireless Internet transmission of concurrent service data to maintain a required level of synchronization of one stationary and one mobile legal nodes. Despite the humble key generation rates we have achieved in practice, our results show possibility of secure wireless key distribution between the base station and mobile subscriber in a cellular communications scenario.