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Ukrainian Journal of Physics

Numerical Simulation of Relaxation of Quantum Thermal Fluctuations

O. N. Golubjeva, S.V. Sidorov, V. G. Bar’yakhtar

Published Oct 1, 2015• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A generalization of quantum-mechanical equations expressed in the hydrodynamic form by introducing terms that involve the diffusion velocity at zero and finite temperatures, as well as the diffusion pressure energy in a warm vacuum, into the Lagrangian density has been proposed. It is used as a basis for constructing a system of equations similar to the Euler equations, but making allowance for quantum-mechanical and thermal effects, for the model of one-dimensional hydrodynamics. The equations obtained generalize the equations of the Nelson stochastic mechanics. A numerical analysis of the solutions of this system allowed a conclusion to be drawn about its validity for the description of the relaxation of quantum thermal fluctuations.

DOI
10.15407/ujpe60.10.1062

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•Sep 1, 2001•0 citations
A generalization of quantum-mechanical equations expressed in the hydrodynamic form by introducing terms that involve the diffusion velocity at zero and finite temperatures, as well as the diffusion pressure energy in a warm vacuum, into the Lagrangian density has been proposed. It is used as a basis for constructing a system of equations similar to the Euler equations, but making allowance for quantum-mechanical and thermal effects, for the model of one-dimensional hydrodynamics. The equations obtained generalize the equations of the Nelson stochastic mechanics. A numerical analysis of the solutions of this system allowed a conclusion to be drawn about its validity for the description of the relaxation of quantum thermal fluctuations.
We propose a generalization of quantum mechanical equations in the hydrodynamic form by introducing, into the Lagrangian density, terms taking into account the diffusion velocity at zero and finite temperatures and the diffusion pressure energy of the warm vacuum. Based on this, for the model of one-dimensional hydrodynamics, we construct a system of equations that are analogous to the Euler equations, but with the inclusion of quantum and thermal effects. They are a generalization of the equations of the Nelson stochastic mechanics. The numerical analysis of the system’s solutions’ behavior determined that this system can be used to describe the process of quantum-thermal fluctuation relaxation.
We propose a generalization of quantum mechanical equations in the hydrodynamic form by introducing, into the Lagrangian density, terms taking into account the diffusion velocity at zero and finite temperatures and the diffusion pressure energy of the warm vacuum. Based on this, for the model of one-dimensional hydrodynamics, we construct a system of equations that are analogous to the Euler equations but with the inclusion of quantum and thermal effects. They are a generalization of equations of the Nelson stochastic mechanics. The numerical analysis of the behavior of solutions of this system allows concluding that this system can be used to describe the process of quantum-thermal fluctuation relaxation.
We propose a generalization of equations of quantum mechanics in the hydrodynamic form by introducing the terms taking into account the diffusion velocity at zero and finite temperatures and the density energy of diffusion pressure of the thermal vacuum into the Lagrangian density. Based on this, for a model of one-dimensional hydrodynamics, we construct a system of equations that are similar to the Euler equations but taking quantum and thermal effects into account. They are a generalization of equations of Nelson's stochastic mechanics and can be used to describe a new matter state, namely, nearly perfect fluidity.
We show that hydrodynamic diffusion is generically present in many-body, one-dimensional interacting quantum and classical integrable models. We extend the recently developed generalized hydrodynamic (GHD) to include terms of Navier-Stokes type, which leads to positive entropy production and diffusive relaxation mechanisms. These terms provide the subleading diffusive corrections to Euler-scale GHD for the large-scale nonequilibrium dynamics of integrable systems, and arise due to two-body scatterings among quasiparticles. We give exact expressions for the diffusion coefficients. Our results apply to a large class of integrable models, including quantum and classical, Galilean and relativistic field theories, chains, and gases in one dimension, such as the Lieb-Liniger model describing cold atom gases and the Heisenberg quantum spin chain. We provide numerical evaluations in the Heisenberg XXZ spin chain, both for the spin diffusion constant, and for the diffusive effects during the melting of a small domain wall of spins, finding excellent agreement with time-dependent density matrix renormalization group numerical simulations.
Quantum stochastic methods based on effective wave functions form a framework for investigating the generally non-Markovian dynamics of a quantum-mechanical system coupled to a bath. They promise to be computationally superior to the master-equation approach, which is numerically expensive for large dimensions of the Hilbert space. Here, we numerically investigate the suitability of a known stochastic Schrödinger equation that is local in time to give a description of thermal relaxation and energy transport. This stochastic Schrödinger equation can be solved with a moderate numerical cost, indeed comparable to that of a Markovian system, and reproduces the dynamics of a system evolving according to a general non-Markovian master equation. After verifying that it describes thermal relaxation correctly, we apply it for the first time to the energy transport in a spin chain. We also discuss a portable algorithm for the generation of the coloured noise associated with the numerical solution of the non-Markovian dynamics.
In recent years trajectory based methodologies have become increasingly popular for evaluating the time evolution of quantum systems. A revival of the de Broglie Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics has spawned several such techniques for examining quantum dynamics from a hydrodynamic perspective. Using techniques similar to those found in computational fluid dynamics one can construct the wavefunction of a quantum system at any time from the trajectories of a discrete ensemble of hydrodynamic fluid elements (Bohm particles) which evolve according to non-classical equations of motion. Until very recently these schemes have been limited to closed systems. In this paper we present our methodology for including the effects of a thermal environment into the hydrodynamic formulation of quantum dynamics. We derive hydrodynamic equations of motion from the Caldeira-Leggett master equation for the reduced density matrix and give a brief overview of our computational scheme which incorporates an adaptive Lagrangian mesh. Our applications focus upon the dissipative dynamics of open unbounded quantum systems. Using both the Wigner phase space representation and the linear entropy we probe the breakdown of the Markov approximation of the bath dynamics at low temperatures. We suggest a criteria for rationalizing the validity of the Markov approximation in open unbound systems and discuss decoherence, energy relaxation, and quantum/classical correspondence in the context of the Bohmian paths.