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Science

Toward quantum nanophotonics

Ian S. Osborne

Published Sep 22, 2016• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Quantum Optics The quantum properties of light are well studied and have been extensively used to reveal some of the fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. Efforts now are under way to leverage the “quantum advantage” offered by quantum entanglement for practical applications such as enhanced imaging, sensing, and communications. A viable quantum technology, however, will require a shift from the optical bench to a miniaturized on-chip platform. Holtfrerich et al. show that the quantum properties of optically entangled images are preserved as they are transmitted to distant plasmonic structures, where they convert to nanometer-scale electronic excitations before being converted back to light. Optica 3 , 985 (2016).

DOI
10.1126/science.353.6306.1378-d

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Quantum Optics
The quantum properties of light are well studied and have been extensively used to reveal some of the fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. Efforts now are under way to leverage the “quantum advantage” offered by quantum entanglement for practical applications such as enhanced imaging, sensing, and communications. A viable quantum technology, however, will require a shift from the optical bench to a miniaturized on-chip platform. Holtfrerich et al. show that the quantum properties of optically entangled images are preserved as they are transmitted to distant plasmonic structures, where they convert to nanometer-scale electronic excitations before being converted back to light.
Optica 3 , 985 (2016).
Optical chips for quantum photonics are cutting-edge technology, merging photonics and quantum mechanics to manipulate light at the quantum level. These chips are crucial for advancing quantum computing, secure communication, and precision sensing by integrating photonic components such as waveguides, beam splitters, and detectors to manipulate single photons, the fundamental carriers of quantum information. Key advancements in optical chips include low-loss waveguides, efficient single-photon sources, and high-fidelity quantum gates, all essential for scalable quantum circuits. Integrating these circuits on a chip offers significant advantages in miniaturization, stability, and reproducibility over traditional bulk optics setups. Recent breakthroughs in materials science and nanofabrication have propelled the field forward, enabling the production of chips with higher precision and lower defect rates. Silicon photonics, in particular, has become a prominent platform due to its compatibility with existing semiconductor manufacturing processes, facilitating the integration of quantum photonic circuits with classical electronic systems. Here, we share our vision of the future of optical chips for quantum photonics, which hold promise for various applications. In quantum computing, they enable the development of compact and scalable quantum processors. In communication, they provide the foundation for ultra-secure quantum networks through quantum key distribution. In sensing, they allow for high-precision measurements that surpass classical limits. As research progresses, optical chips are expected to play a critical role in realizing the full potential of quantum technologies.
Photons are very promising resources for the whole field of quantum information processing. Bulk optics are currently not suitable for the realization of complex quantum optical schemes due to several drawbacks. The ongoing miniaturization of photonic structures due to the availability of sophisticated nanofabrication has provided huge opportunities for physical research of novel phenomena in nanophotonic systems and quantum technological applications. These include quantum information processing such as quantum computing, quantum communication, quantum metrology, and quantum sensing. Quantum communication is already quite advanced with several quantum key distribution (QKD) systems commercially available offering absolute security. Photonic quantum technologies are enabling breakthroughs in experimental tests of quantum physics and are close to practical applications of quantum technologies in imaging, secure communications, ultrasensitive metrology and quantum computing. There are several advantages to encoding a quantum bit onto a photon: the preparation and manipulation of single photons is easy, and the photonic qubit is a natural candidate for quantum imaging and communications. Furthermore, the qubit can be encoded in various degrees of freedom such as on the position, phase, time-bin, energy, angular momentum, polarization of the photon—or a combination of these. This flexibility leads to enormous opportunities for scientific exploration and in practical applications. This special issue on “Photonic Quantum Technologies” presents selected papers on photonic quantum systems from leading groups in the world. The articles represent a flavor of the cutting-edge research that is going on in this area. The studied material systems range from molecules to semiconductor quantum emitters. A major challenge is the design of telecom photon emitters with high efficiency, good yield, spectral purity, stability and the possibility of mass manufacture. We believe that this Special Issue will provide an overview of recent exciting developments in the field of photonic quantum technologies, serving to keep researchers up-to-date with the latest progress and spurring on new concepts in this field.
Nanophotonics describes optical science and technology at the nanoscale that offers challenging opportunities for studying fundamental processes of interaction between the radiation eld and the matter on a scale much smaller than the wavelength of radiation. The use of such conned interaction to spatially localized processes offers exciting opportunities to chemists. Nanophotonics is considered to be of immense technological signicance. The evolution and development of the nanophotonics technology with the increased need for an internetworking broadband communication had lead to the development of more sophisticated optical networks. Those networks are now interconnected CONTENTS Summary ........................................................................................................................................ 21 2.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................22 2.2 Nanometer Connement and Fabrication of Matter ......................................................22 2.3 Application of Computational Intelligence in Photonics Technology .........................23
The emerging field of quantum nanophotonics offers potential chip-scale integration of multi-functional quantum processing infrastructures. The key technological challenges lie on new material design and integration with quantum emitters. It is of fundamental importance in developing hybrid material platforms and experimental approaches to address a wide array of challenging issues that cannot be easily overcome with conventional quantum optics approaches. This special issue features 10 contributions that address various aspects of emerging quantum photonic platforms, devices and approaches that combine the advantages of several material systems to realize chip-scale quantum information processing in an efficient and robust manner.
The performances of photonic devices are getting closer to those required by quantum technology and a bridge may be created by substantial progress in our ability to control light-matter interactions. The dramatic advances of nanotechnology experienced in recent years have enabled us to fabricate optical nanostructures that greatly improve the conversion of localized electromagnetic energy into radiation and vice versa. We discuss how these may enable the implementation of novel light-matter interfaces for investigating and harnessing quantum optical effects and explain how unprecedented interaction regimes can be achieved.
Abstract Quantum‐enhanced sensing and metrology pave the way for promising routes to fulfil the present day fundamental and technological demands for integrated chips which surpass the classical functional and measurement limits. The most precise measurements of optical properties such as phase or intensity require quantum optical measurement schemes. These non‐classical measurements exploit phenomena such as entanglement and squeezing of optical probe states. They are also subject to lower detection limits as compared to classical photodetection schemes. Biosensing with non‐classical light sources of entangled photons or squeezed light holds the key for realizing quantum optical bioscience laboratories which could be integrated on chip. Single‐molecule sensing with such non‐classical sources of light would be a forerunner to attaining the smallest uncertainty and the highest information per photon number. This demands an integrated non‐classical sensing approach which would combine the subtle non‐deterministic measurement techniques of quantum optics with the device‐level integration capabilities attained through nanophotonics as well as nanoplasmonics. In this back drop, we review the underlining principles in quantum sensing, the quantum optical probes and protocols as well as state‐of‐the‐art building blocks in quantum optical sensing. We further explore the recent developments in quantum photonic/plasmonic sensing and imaging together with the potential of combining them with burgeoning field of coupled cavity integrated optoplasmonic biosensing platforms.