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Laser Physics

Dynamics of evaporative cooling and growth of a Bose-Einstein condensate

Makoto Yamashita

Published Jan 1, 2004• 0 citations
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Abstract

The dynamics of evaporative cooling of magnetically trapped 87 Rb atoms is studied on the basis of the quantum kinetic theory of a Bose gas. The theoretical optimization of the cooling trajectory clarifies that the acceleration of evaporative cooling around the transition point of Bose-Einstein condensation is very effective against serious three-body recombination loss. The number of condensed atoms is expected to be largely enhanced by the optimization as compared with the typical value produced by the conventional evaporative cooling, where the frequency of the radio-frequency magnetic field is swept exponentially. Next, we precisely examine how the growth of a condensate depends on the experimental parameters of evaporative cooling in this inefficient exponential-sweep cooling. We find that, due to large nonlinear three-body loss, the number of condensed atoms finally becomes insensitive to the initial number of trapped atoms, the initial temperature, and the bias field of a magnetic trap. This result opens up the experimental possibility that the final number of condensed atoms can be well stabilized against the shot-to-shot fluctuations of experimental conditions in evaporative cooling.

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Stabilization of the number of Bose-Einstein-condensed atoms in evaporative cooling via three-body recombination loss

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The dynamics of evaporative cooling of magnetically trapped ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms is studied on the basis of the quantum kinetic theory of a Bose gas. We carried out the quantitative calculations of the time evolution of conventional evaporative cooling where the frequency of the radio-frequency magnetic field is swept exponentially. This ``exponential-sweep cooling'' is known to become inefficient at the final stage of the cooling process due to a serious three-body recombination loss. We precisely examine how the growth of a Bose-Einstein condensate depends on the experimental parameters of evaporative cooling, such as the initial number of trapped atoms, the initial temperature, and the bias field of a magnetic trap. It is shown that three-body recombination drastically depletes the trapped ${}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}$ atoms as the system approaches the quantum degenerate region and the number of condensed atoms finally becomes insensitive to these experimental parameters. This result indicates that the final number of condensed atoms is well stabilized by a large nonlinear three-body loss against the fluctuations of experimental conditions in evaporative cooling.

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We report on a highly efficient evaporative cooling optimized experimentally. We successfully created sodium Bose-Einstein condensates with 6.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10${}^{7}$ atoms starting from 6.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10${}^{9}$ thermal atoms trapped in a magnetic trap by employing a fast linear sweep of radio frequency at the final stage of evaporative cooling so as to overcome the serious three-body losses. The experimental results such as the cooling trajectory and the condensate growth quantitatively agree with the numerical simulations of evaporative cooling on the basis of the kinetic theory of a Bose gas carefully taking into account our specific experimental conditions. We further discuss theoretically a possibility of producing large condensates, more than 10${}^{8}$ sodium atoms, by simply increasing the number of initial thermal trapped atoms and the corresponding optimization of evaporative cooling.

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arXiv:cond-mat/0007179•Physical Review A•Aug 9, 2000•13 citations
The dynamics of evaporative cooling of magnetically trapped 87 Rb atoms is studied on the basis of the quantum kinetic theory of a Bose gas. The theoretical optimization of the cooling trajectory clarifies that the acceleration of evaporative cooling around the transition point of Bose-Einstein condensation is very effective against serious three-body recombination loss. The number of condensed atoms is expected to be largely enhanced by the optimization as compared with the typical value produced by the conventional evaporative cooling, where the frequency of the radio-frequency magnetic field is swept exponentially. Next, we precisely examine how the growth of a condensate depends on the experimental parameters of evaporative cooling in this inefficient exponential-sweep cooling. We find that, due to large nonlinear three-body loss, the number of condensed atoms finally becomes insensitive to the initial number of trapped atoms, the initial temperature, and the bias field of a magnetic trap. This result opens up the experimental possibility that the final number of condensed atoms can be well stabilized against the shot-to-shot fluctuations of experimental conditions in evaporative cooling.
The dynamics of evaporative cooling of magnetically trapped 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms is studied on the basis of the quantum kinetic theory of a Bose gas. We carried out the quantitative calculations of the time evolution of conventional evaporative cooling where the frequency of the radio-frequency magnetic field is swept exponentially. This ``exponential-sweep cooling'' is known to become inefficient at the final stage of the cooling process due to a serious three-body recombination loss. We precisely examine how the growth of a Bose-Einstein condensate depends on the experimental parameters of evaporative cooling, such as the initial number of trapped atoms, the initial temperature, and the bias field of a magnetic trap. It is shown that three-body recombination drastically depletes the trapped 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms as the system approaches the quantum degenerate region and the number of condensed atoms finally becomes insensitive to these experimental parameters. This result indicates that the final number of condensed atoms is well stabilized by a large nonlinear three-body loss against the fluctuations of experimental conditions in evaporative cooling.
We study the optimization of evaporative cooling in trapped bosonic atoms on the basis of quantum kinetic theory of a Bose gas. The optimized cooling trajectory for 87Rb{}^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms indicates that the acceleration of evaporative cooling around the transition point of Bose-Einstein condensation is very effective against loss of trapped atoms caused by three-body recombination. The number of condensed atoms is largely enhanced by the optimization, more than two orders of magnitude in our present calculation using relevant experimental parameters, as compared with the typical value given by the conventional evaporative cooling where the frequency of radio-frequency magnetic field is swept exponentially. In addition to this optimized cooling, it is also shown that highly efficient evaporative cooling can be achieved by an initial exponential and then a rapid linear sweep of frequency.
We report on a highly efficient evaporative cooling optimized experimentally. We successfully created sodium Bose-Einstein condensates with 6.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}107{}^{7}7 atoms starting from 6.6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}109{}^{9}9 thermal atoms trapped in a magnetic trap by employing a fast linear sweep of radio frequency at the final stage of evaporative cooling so as to overcome the serious three-body losses. The experimental results such as the cooling trajectory and the condensate growth quantitatively agree with the numerical simulations of evaporative cooling on the basis of the kinetic theory of a Bose gas carefully taking into account our specific experimental conditions. We further discuss theoretically a possibility of producing large condensates, more than 108{}^{8}8 sodium atoms, by simply increasing the number of initial thermal trapped atoms and the corresponding optimization of evaporative cooling.
We report the efficient production of a large Bose-Einstein condensate in 87Rb^{87}\mathrm{Rb}87Rb atoms. This is achieved by quickly reducing the radio frequency of the magnetic field at a rate of $\ensuremath{-}96.8\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kHz}∕\mathrm{s}$ during the final stage of evaporative cooling, and we have produced a condensate with $(2.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{6}$ atoms against a serious three-body recombination loss. We observed the dependence of the cooling efficiency on the rate at which the truncated energy changes by measuring the condensate growth for three kinds of radio-frequency sweep. The experimental results quantitatively agree with calculations based on the quantum kinetic theory of a Bose gas.
We have evaporatively cooled caesium atoms in a magnetic trap to temperatures as low as 8 nK and produced a final phase space density within a factor of four of that required for the onset of Bose–Einstein condensation. At the end of the forced radio-frequency evaporation, 1500 atoms in the F = 3, m F = −3 state remain in the magnetic trap. We observe a decrease in the one-dimensional evaporative cooling efficiency at very low temperatures as the trapped sample enters the collisionally thick (hydrodynamic) regime. To alleviate this problem we propose a modified trapping scheme where three-dimensional evaporation is possible. In addition, we report measurements of the two-body inelastic collision rates for caesium atoms as a function of magnetic field. We confirm the positions, with reduced uncertainties, of three previously identified resonances at magnetic fields of 108.87(6), 118.46(3) and 133.52(3) G.
We study the evaporative cooling of magnetically trapped atomic hydrogen on the basis of the kinetic theory of a Bose gas. The dynamics of trapped atoms is described by the coupled differential equations, considering both the evaporation and dipolar spin relaxation processes. The numerical time-evolution calculations quantitatively agree with the recent experiment of Bose-Einstein condensation with atomic hydrogen. It is demonstrated that the balance between evaporative cooling and heating due to dipolar relaxation limits the number of condensates to $9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{8}$ and the corresponding condensate fraction to a small value of 4% as observed experimentally.