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Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE

A novel transceiver of the Y-00 quantum stream cipher with the randomization technique for optical communication with higher security performance

Fumio Futami, Kentaro Kato, Osamu Hirota

Published Sep 13, 2016• 15 citations
Publisher

Abstract

For protecting physical layer of optical fiber communication systems, quantum stream cipher called Y-00 and Alpha-Eta is promising. So far, we demonstrated secure and high speed optical fiber communication experiments using Y-00 quantum stream cipher. Our theoretical research revealed that the randomization techniques could enhance the security performance. In this work, we fabricated a novel Y-00 transceiver for GbE where the randomization technique was implemented. The transceiver employed the optical intensity modulated Y-00 quantum stream cipher with intensity levels of 4096. An appropriately designed irregular mapping as the randomization technique was experimentally demonstrated. The transceiver was successfully applied to secure optical fiber transmission of GbE signals.

DOI
10.1117/12.2237852

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For protecting physical layer of optical fiber communication systems, quantum stream cipher called Y-00 and Alpha-Eta is promising. So far, we demonstrated secure and high speed optical fiber communication experiments using Y-00 quantum stream cipher. Our theoretical research revealed that the randomization techniques could enhance the security performance. In this work, we fabricated a novel Y-00 transceiver for GbE where the randomization technique was implemented. The transceiver employed the optical intensity modulated Y-00 quantum stream cipher with intensity levels of 4096. An appropriately designed irregular mapping as the randomization technique was experimentally demonstrated. The transceiver was successfully applied to secure optical fiber transmission of GbE signals.
The Internet plays an essential role in modern societies and in the amount of sensitive data transported over the optical networks that shows its' importance has increased drastically. Therefore, it is critical to develop data protection schemes for optical fiber communications to provide user security. The Y-00 quantum-noise randomized stream cipher that employs extremely high-order modulation and restricts an attacker's interception of ciphertext is a practical candidate for providing data protection. In this article, we introduce the operation principle of the Y-00 cipher with respect to data encryption and decryption. The Y-00 cipher combines the mathematical encryption of multi-level signaling and physical randomness, and provides a high level of security to the physical layer of optical communications and a high communication performance. We also present the noise masking phenomenon of the Y-00 cipher with intensity modulation (IM). This noise masking is generated by shot noise, i.e., quantum noise and additive noise such as amplified spontaneous emission noise. The noise masking phenomenon fails an attacker's interception of the ciphertext. The secrecy of the IM Y-00 cipher is also discussed, and an approximate analytical solution is introduced for evaluating the probability of the attackers accurately guessing the ciphertext. Finally, the secrecy of a 1,000-km transmission system is experimentally demonstrated with the Y-00 cipher transceiver at data rate of 1.5-Gb/s using the derived analytical solution to deduce the high secrecy of the entire transmission system.
The quantum noise based direct encryption protocol Y-OO is expected to provide physical complexity based security, which is thought to be comparable to information theoretic security in mathematical cryptography, for the. physical layer of fiber-optic communication systems. So far, several randomization techniques for the quantum stream cipher by Y-OO protocol have been proposed, but most of them were developed under the assumption that phase shift keying is used as the modulation format. On the other hand, the recent progress in the experimental study on the intensity modulation based quantum stream cipher by Y-OO protocol raises expectations for its realization. The purpose of this paper is to present design and implementation methods of a composite model of the intensity modulation based quantum stream cipher with some randomization techniques. As a result this paper gives a viewpoint of how the Y-OO cryptosystem is miniaturized.
To guarantee a security of Cloud Computing System is urgent problem. Although there are several threats in a security problem, the most serious problem is cyber attack against an optical fiber transmission among data centers. In such a network, an encryption scheme on Layer 1(physical layer) with an ultimately strong security, a small delay, and a very high speed should be employed, because a basic optical link is operated at 10 Gbit/sec/wavelength. We have developed a quantum noise randomied stream cipher so called Yuen- 2000 encryption scheme (Y-00) during a decade. This type of cipher is a completely new type random cipher in which ciphertext for a legitimate receiver and eavesdropper are different. This is a condition to break the Shannon limit in theory of cryptography. In addition, this scheme has a good balance on a security, a speed and a cost performance. To realize such an encryption, several modulation methods are candidates such as phase-modulation, intensity-modulation, quadrature amplitude modulation, and so on. Northwestern university group demonstrated a phase modulation system (α=η) in 2003. In 2005, we reported a demonstration of 1 Gbit/sec system based on intensity modulation scheme(ISK-Y00), and gave a design method for quadratic amplitude modulation (QAM-Y00) in 2005 and 2010. An intensity modulation scheme promises a real application to a secure fiber communication of current data centers. This paper presents a progress in quantum noise randomized stream cipher based on ISK-Y00, integrating our theoretical and experimental achievements in the past and recent 100 Gbit/sec(10Gbit/sec × 10 wavelengths) experiment.
As a security parameter of Y-00 quantum stream cipher, a guessing probability by an eavesdropper for a secret key of legitimate users is discussed. Assuming that Eve employs the direct detection and Gaussian intensity distribution of each intensity level of Y-00 cipher signals are same, an analytic solution of probability of correct guessing of the secret key in a case of the ciphertext-only attack is derived. The solution is applied to experimentally measure the probabilities of our Y-00 quantum stream cipher transceiver. A very low probability of the Y-00 cipher transceiver is experimentally confirmed.
A power distribution of optical signals as the ciphertext of Y-00 quantum stream cipher transceivers should be uniform, even when the bit sequence of plaintext is a non-uniform sequence. For examining the uniformity, we experimentally measure powers of optical signals with 4096 intensity levels and calculate the ratio of signal numbers over and under the average power. The ratios for various kinds of bit sequences are 0.5 with measurement error of 1%, which is an evidence of the uniformity of the power distribution. In addition, the effectiveness of a randomization technique of overlapping selection keying for enhancing the security against the known plaintext attack is experimentally observed.
We investigate the Yuen 2000 (so-called Y-00)-protocol, which can realize a randomized stream cipher with high bit rate (Gbit/s) for long distances (several hundreds km). The randomized stream cipher with randomization by quantum noise based on the Y-00 protocol is called a quantum stream cipher in this paper, and it may have security against known plaintext attacks which has no analog with any conventional symmetric key ciphers. We present a simple cryptanalysis based on an attacker's heterodyne measurement and a quantum unambiguous measurement to make clear the strength of the Y-00 protocol in real communication. In addition, we give a design for the implementation of an intensity-modulation scheme and report an experimental demonstration of 1Gbit∕s1\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{Gbit}∕\mathrm{s}1Gbit∕s quantum stream cipher through a $20\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{km}$-long transmission line.