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Journal of Physics Conference Series

Ultracold hydrogen and deuterium production via Doppler-cooled molecules

Ian C Lane

Published Sep 7, 2015• 0 citations
Publisher

Abstract

A scheme to produce ultracold hydrogen or deuterium atoms via photo-fragmentation, even allowing direct formation of a quantum gas
DOI
10.1088/1742-6596/635/11/112142

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A counterintuitive scheme to produce ultracold hydrogen via fragmentation of laser cooled diatomic hydrides is presented where the final atomic H temperature is inversely proportional to the mass of the molecular parent. In addition, the critical density for formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) at a fixed temperature is reduced by a factor (mH/mMH)3/2({m}_{H}/\phantom{\rule{0.0pt}{0ex}}{m}_{MH}{)}^{3/2}(mH​/mMH​)3/2 over directly cooled hydrogen atoms. The narrow Feshbach resonances between a 1S0^{1}S_{0}1S0​ atom and hydrogen are well suited to a tiny center of mass energy release necessary during fragmentation. With the support of ab initio quantum chemistry, it is demonstrated that BaH is an ideal diatomic precursor that can be laser cooled to a Doppler temperature of $\ensuremath{\sim}26\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$ with just two rovibronic transitions, the simplest molecular cooling scheme identified to date. Preparation of a hydrogen atom gas below the critical BEC temperature Tc{T}_{c}Tc​ is feasible with present cooling technology, with optical pulse control of the condensation process.
Ultracold hydrogen offers unique possibilities for precision spectroscopy, studies of atomic interactions, and the creation of quantum fluids containing mixtures of hydrogen and deuterium. Current techniques for trapping and cooling hydrogen have produced large condensates with N ∼ 109 atoms, but suffer from a variety of experimental limitations. Among these are the slow evaporative cooling rate due to the small H–H elastic-scattering cross section, the need for a superfluid helium film in the initial thermalization process, a geometry that severely limits detection efficiency, and the inability to trap deuterium. We are constructing a new apparatus based on buffer-gas cooling that will overcome these problems. To accelerate evaporative cooling, the thermalization rate is increased by simultaneously loading lithium and hydrogen into a 4.2 T anti-Helmholtz trap. Lithium accelerates evaporative cooling because the Li–H elastic-scattering cross section is ∼1200 times larger than that of H–H. Hydrogen and lithium will be produced by laser ablation of solid LiH in a 3He buffer gas held at temperatures of ∼350 mK. Because no wall collisions are needed for initial thermalization, ablating a solid sample of LiD should enable studies of deuterium. The apparatus is in the final stages of construction. We report on results of initial tests and discuss the new scientific opportunities made possible by this approach.PACS No.: 32.80.Pj