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IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications (SPAWC)

Overcoming limitations of secret key generation in block fading channels under active attacks

Arsenia Chorti

Published Jul 1, 2016• 2 citations
Publisher

Abstract

The topic of physical layer key agreement in Gaussian block fading channels in the presence of active adversaries is investigated in the present contribution. Frequency hopping versus frequency spreading are studied as potential defence strategies against denial of service (DoS) attacks in the form of jamming. We begin by investigating the optimal power allocation policy for the jammer - in the case of frequency spreading - when side information is available. Through numerical evaluations it is shown that effect of the availability of side information on the jammer's impact is minimal. Next, the competitive interaction between the legitimate nodes and the jammer is formulated as a one-shot zero-sum game; it is found that under short term power constraints, the legitimate nodes should not always employ frequency hopping while the jammer should always use frequency spreading. This result contradicts the common practice of using frequency hopping to defend against jamming attacks in standard wireless systems.

DOI
10.1109/spawc.2016.7536829

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The topic of physical layer key agreement in Gaussian block fading channels in the presence of active adversaries is investigated in the present contribution. Frequency hopping versus frequency spreading are studied as potential defence strategies against denial of service (DoS) attacks in the form of jamming. We begin by investigating the optimal power allocation policy for the jammer - in the case of frequency spreading - when side information is available. Through numerical evaluations it is shown that effect of the availability of side information on the jammer's impact is minimal. Next, the competitive interaction between the legitimate nodes and the jammer is formulated as a one-shot zero-sum game; it is found that under short term power constraints, the legitimate nodes should not always employ frequency hopping while the jammer should always use frequency spreading. This result contradicts the common practice of using frequency hopping to defend against jamming attacks in standard wireless systems.
Secret key generation (SKG) schemes have been shown to be vulnerable to denial of service (DoS) attacks in the form of jamming. In this paper, a comprehensive study on the impact of correlated and uncorrelated jamming in wireless SKG systems is presented. First, optimal signalling schemes for the legitimate users and jamming approaches for an active adversary launching a DoS attack on the SKG system are derived. It is shown that the legitimate users should employ constant signalling. On the other hand, the jammer should inject either correlated jamming when imperfect channel state information (CSI) regarding the main channel is at their disposal, or, uncorrelated jamming when the main channel CSI is completely unknown. In both cases, optimal power allocation policies are studied under short-term power constrains for M block fading additive white Gaussian noise (BF-AWGN) channels. Numerical evaluations demonstrate that equidistribution of the jamming power is near-optimal in the case of uncorrelated jamming.
Secret key generation (SKG) schemes have been shown to be vulnerable to denial of service (DoS) attacks in the form of jamming. In this paper, a comprehensive study on the impact of correlated and uncorrelated jamming in wireless SKG systems is presented. First, optimal signalling schemes for the legitimate users and jamming approaches for an active adversary launching a DoS attack on the SKG system are derived. It is shown that the legitimate users should employ constant signalling. On the other hand, the jammer should inject either correlated jamming when imperfect channel state information (CSI) regarding the main channel is at their disposal, or, uncorrelated jamming when the main channel CSI is completely unknown. In both cases, optimal power allocation policies are studied under short-term power constrains for M block fading additive white Gaussian noise (BF-AWGN) channels. Numerical evaluations demonstrate that equidistribution of the jamming power is near-optimal in the case of uncorrelated jamming.
Jamming attacks have been shown to disrupt secret key generation (SKG) in systems that exploit the reciprocity of the wireless medium to generate symmetric keys at two remote locations through public discussion. In this study, the use of frequency hopping/spreading in Rayleigh block fading additive white Gaussian noise (BF-AWGN) channels is investigated as a means to counteract such attacks. The competitive interaction between a pair of legitimate users and a jammer is formulated as a zero-sum game and the corresponding Nash equilibria (NE) are characterized analytically and in closed form. It is found that the jammer's optimal strategy is to spread its power across the entire spectrum. On the contrary, the pair of legitimate users should use frequency spreading only in favorable transmission conditions, and frequency hopping otherwise (e.g., low signal to jamming power ratio). Numerical results show that frequency hopping/spreading in BF-AWGN channels is an effective technique for combating jamming attacks in SKG systems; a modest increase of the system bandwidth can substantially increase the SKG rates.
Jamming attacks represent a critical vulnerability for wireless secret key generation (SKG) systems. In this paper, two counter-jamming approaches are investigated for SKG systems: first, the employment of energy harvesting (EH) at the legitimate nodes to turn part of the jamming power into useful communication power, and, second, the use of channel hopping or power spreading in block fading channels to reduce the impact of jamming. In both cases, the adversarial interaction between the pair of legitimate nodes and the jammer is formulated as a two-player zero-sum game and the Nash and Stackelberg equilibria are characterized analytically and in closed form. In particular, in the case of EH receivers, the existence of a critical transmission power for the legitimate nodes allows the full characterization of the game's equilibria and also enables the complete neutralization of the jammer. In the case of channel hopping versus power spreading techniques, it is shown that the jammer's optimal strategy is always power spreading while the legitimate nodes should only use power spreading in the high signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) regime. In the low SIR regime, when avoiding the jammer's interference becomes critical, channel hopping is optimal for the legitimate nodes. Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of both counter-jamming measures.
Denial-of-Service (DoS) threats pose a major challenge to the idea of physical-layer key generation as the underlying wireless channels for key extraction are usually public. Identifying this vulnerability, we study the effect of DoS threats on relay-assisted key generation, and show that a reactive jamming attack on the distribution phase of relay-assisted key generation can forbid the nodes from extracting secret keys. To circumvent this problem, we propose a self-sustainable key generation model, wherein a frequency-hopping based distribution phase is employed to evade the jamming attack even though the participating nodes do not share prior credentials. A salient feature of the idea is to carve out a few bits from the key generation phase and subsequently use them to pick a frequency band at random for the broadcast phase. Interesting resource-allocation problems are formulated on how to extract maximum number of secret bits while also being able to evade the jamming attack with high probability. Tractable low-complexity solutions are also provided to the resource-allocation problems, along with insights on the feasibility of their implementation in practice.
Wireless secret key generation (W-SKG) from shared randomness (e.g., from the wireless channel fading realizations), is a well established scheme that can be used for session key agreement. W-SKG approaches can be of particular interest in delay constrained wireless networks and notably in the context of ultra reliable low latency communications (URLLC) in beyond fifth generation (B5G) systems. However W- SKG schemes are known to be malleable over the so called "advantage distillation" phase, during which observations of the shared randomness are obtained at the legitimate parties. As an example, an active attacker can act as a man-in- the-middle (MiM) by injecting pilot signals and/or can mount denial of service attacks (DoS) in the form of jamming. This paper investigates the impact of injection and reactive jamming attacks in W-SKG. First, it is demonstrated that injection attacks can be reduced to - potentially less harmful - jamming attacks by pilot randomization; a novel system design with randomized QPSK pilots is presented. Subsequently, the optimal jamming strategy is identified in a block fading additive white Gaussian noise (BF-AWGN) channel in the presence of a reactive jammer, using a game theoretic formulation. It is shown that the impact of a reactive jammer is far more severe than that of a simple proactive jammer.