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Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics

Physical implementations for quantum communication in quantum networks

S. J. van Enk, J. I. Cirac, P. Zoller, Harry J. Kimble, Hideo Mabuchi

Published Nov 27, 2002• 4 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Summary form only given.A quantum network where the data stored, processed, and communicated consists of quantum bits, would offer exciting possibilities including teleportation, dense coding, quantum money, secured quantum key distribution, and perhaps distributed quantum computing. But how to implement such a network? In this contribution we describe a concrete physical implementation consisting of atoms placed inside high-Q optical cavities, connected by optical fibers, that allow the atoms to communicate with each other using a cavity photon as the information carrier.

DOI
10.1109/iqec.1998.680187

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Summary form only given.A quantum network where the data stored, processed, and communicated consists of quantum bits, would offer exciting possibilities including teleportation, dense coding, quantum money, secured quantum key distribution, and perhaps distributed quantum computing. But how to implement such a network? In this contribution we describe a concrete physical implementation consisting of atoms placed inside high-Q optical cavities, connected by optical fibers, that allow the atoms to communicate with each other using a cavity photon as the information carrier.
Quantum networks for the processing and distribution of quantum information could consist of quantum “nodes” for the manipulation and storage of quantum information, with these nodes linked by quantum “channels” for the transmission of quantum states. The leading proposal for the realization of such networks utilizes atoms within optical cavities as the “nodes.” Conversion of internal atomic state information into optical photons that propagate from one cavity to another forms the basis for the “channels.” Unfortunately, even in terms of laboratory “proof-of-principle” demonstrations, technical capabilities are far short of those required to implement such quantum networks. However, along the road to these ends, there lies a rich set of scientific problems that are the subject of this paper, including nonlinear optics with single atoms and photons, trapping of individual atoms within high finesse optical cavities, and teleportation of quantum states.
Summary form only given. In the quantum optics group at Caltech, we are attempting to lay the foundations for quantum information science by way of advances on several fronts in optical physics. Within the setting of cavity QED, single atoms are strongly coupled to the field of a high finesse optical cavity at the single photon level, with current work directed toward trapping and localization of atoms inside the cavity. Although there are daunting technical problems to overcome, a principal scientific objective is the creation of quantum networks to implement fundamental quantum communication protocols and for distributed quantum computation. Beyond quantum information processing with internal atomic states and photons serving as qubits, we are also investigating algorithms for continuous quantum variables. A recent example is our realization of quantum teleportation for the quadrature amplitudes of a beam of light. The experiment utilizes squeezed-state entanglement to achieve unconditional quantum teleportation.
Quantum information technology has been developing rapidly in last two decades. Very recently, quite a few optical quantum key distribution networks have been reported, enabling preliminary practical applications in secure information transfer. Meanwhile, a number of significant progresses based on quantum network have also been made in the research of linear optical quantum computing, simulation and metrology. However, on the way towards large-scale optical quantum network serious problems occur. On the one hand, the distance of fiber-based quantum communication is limited, due to intrinsic fiber loss and decreasing of entanglement quality caused by the noisy environment. On the other hand, the probabilistic feature of single and entangled photon sources would also cause an exponentially increasing overhead for large-scale quantum network. To solve the above problems, quantum repeaters and/or transmission of optical quantum bits over free space channel can be efficiently exploited for future wide-area realization of quantum communication. In addition, memory built-in quantum repeaters would also enable scalable linear optical quantum computing, simulation and high precision measurement. In this talk I will present some recent experiments from our group, including eight-photon entanglement, topological quantum error-correction, quantum repeater and efficient and long-lived quantum memory, and entanglement distribution and quantum teleportation over 100km-scale free-space quantum channels. These experiments show the promising future possibility towards scalable quantum network with photons and atoms.
This work presents contributions to the quantum communication and in computation fields. In the area of quantum communication, we analyzed the impacts of the effects of PMD and PDL on the performance of a quantum key distribution system based on BB84 protocol in a fiber optic network. It was presented an analytical expression for the average fidelity as a function of the PMD and PDL parameters which makes possible to analyze the behavior of bit error and secure bit generation rates for a quantum communication system. In the field of quantum computing, we proposed two optical systems based on linear optics for coherent state qubits. The first system is a probabilistic generator of a four-mode-type entangled state with a maximum efficiency of 25%. From this it state was possible to propose a second system that is able to perform a probabilistically CNOT gate. Both proposed systems may be implemented with existing photonics technology. They do not use single-qubit gate or quantum teleportation that are commonly used in quantum information processing using coherent states.