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Physical Review A

Rabi-coupled two-component Bose-Einstein condensates: Classification of the ground states, defects, and energy estimates

Amandine Aftalion, Peter Mason

Published Aug 12, 2016• 10 citations
Publisher

Abstract

We classify the ground states and topological defects of two-component Bose-Einstein condensates under the effect of internal coherent Rabi coupling. We present numerical phase diagrams which show the boundaries between symmetry-breaking components and various vortex patterns (triangular, square, bound state between vortices). We estimate the Rabi energy in the Thomas-Fermi limit which allows us to have an analytical description of the point energy leading to the formation of the various vortex patterns.

DOI
10.1103/physreva.94.023616

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We classify the ground states and topological defects of two-component Bose-Einstein condensates under the effect of internal coherent Rabi coupling. We present numerical phase diagrams which show the boundaries between symmetry-breaking components and various vortex patterns (triangular, square, bound state between vortices). We estimate the Rabi energy in the Thomas-Fermi limit which allows us to have an analytical description of the point energy leading to the formation of the various vortex patterns.
We classify the ground states and topological defects of a rotating two-component condensate when varying several parameters: the intracomponent coupling strengths, the intercomponent coupling strength, and the particle numbers. No restriction is placed on the masses or trapping frequencies of the individual components. We present numerical phase diagrams which show the boundaries between the regions of coexistence, spatial separation, and symmetry breaking. Defects such as triangular coreless vortex lattices, square coreless vortex lattices, and giant skyrmions are classified. Various aspects of the phase diagrams are analytically justified thanks to a nonlinear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model that describes the condensate in terms of the total density and a pseudo-spin representation.
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Three types of vortex-pair are identified in two-component Bose–Einstein condensates (BEC) of different kinds of spin-orbit coupling. One type holds the two vortices in one component of the twocomponent condensates. Both the other two types hold a vortex in each component of the twocomponent condensates, and exhibit meron-pair textures that have either null or unit topological charge, respectively. The cores of the two vortices are connected by a string of the relative phase jump. These vortex pairs can be generated from a vortex-free wave packet by incorporating different non- Abelian gauge field into the BEC. When a Rabi coupling is introduced, the distance between the two cores is effectively controlled by the Rabi coupling strength and a transition of vortex configurations is observed.
We review the topic of quantized vortices in multicomponent Bose–Einstein condensates of dilute atomic gases, with an emphasis on the two-component condensates. First, we review the fundamental structure, stability and dynamics of a single vortex state in a slowly rotating two-component condensates. To understand recent experimental results, we use the coupled Gross–Pitaevskii equations and the generalized nonlinear sigma model. An axisymmetric vortex state, which was observed by the JILA group, can be regarded as a topologically trivial skyrmion in the pseudospin representation. The internal, coherent coupling between the two components breaks the axisymmetry of the vortex state, resulting in a stable vortex molecule (a meron pair). We also mention unconventional vortex states and monopole excitations in a spin-1 Bose–Einstein condensate. Next, we discuss a rich variety of vortex states realized in rapidly rotating two-component Bose–Einstein condensates. We introduce a phase diagram with axes of rotation frequency and the intercomponent coupling strength. This phase diagram reveals unconventional vortex states such as a square lattice, a double-core lattice, vortex stripes and vortex sheets, all of which are in an experimentally accessible parameter regime. The coherent coupling leads to an effective attractive interaction between two components, providing not only a promising candidate to tune the intercomponent interaction to study the rich vortex phases but also a new regime to explore vortex states consisting of vortex molecules characterized by anisotropic vorticity. A recent experiment by the JILA group vindicated the formation of a square vortex lattice in this system.
We investigate the structure of vortex states in rotating two-component Bose-Einstein condensates with equal intracomponent but varying intercomponent-coupling constants. A phase diagram in the intercomponent-coupling versus rotation-frequency plane reveals rich equilibrium structures of vortex states. As the ratio of intercomponent to intracomponent couplings increases, the interlocked vortex lattices undergo phase transitions from triangular to square, to double-core lattices, and eventually develop interwoven "serpentine" vortex sheets with each component made up of chains of singly quantized vortices.
When a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate is placed into rotation, a lattice of vortices and cores appear. The geometry of this lattice (triangular or square) varies according to the rotational value and the intercomponent coupling strengths. In this paper, assuming a Thomas-Fermi regime, we derive a point energy that allows us to determine for which values of the parameters the lattice goes from triangular to square. It turns out that the separating curve in the phase diagram agrees fully with the complete numerical simulations of the Gross-Pitaevskii equations. We also derive a formula for the critical velocity of appearance of the first vortex and prove that the first vortex always appears first in the component with largest support in the case of two disks, and we give a criterion in the case of disk and annulus.