Orbitals in the Hydrogen Atom

Guoping Zhang, Mingsu Si, Thomas F. George

I.A. Malkin, Vladimir I. Man’ko

Xia Ying

Of hydrogen atom or hydrogen like ions, the elliptic orbit, energy, orbital velocity, period and quantization are discussed in brief and perfection.

S Nandi, C. S. Shastry

Using the harmonic oscillator representation of the hydrogen atom and constructing the appropriate coherent state corresponding to the minimum uncertainty product, the classical limits of the two-dimensional and the three-dimensional hydrogen atom are examined. The method adopted is similar to that used by Bhaumik, Dutta Roy and Ghosh (1986). The authors deduce the classical limit by requiring that the expectation value (r) of the radial variable is large for the two-dimensional hydrogen atom. The resulting trajectory is an ellipse satisfying the conditions of the Kepler orbit in classical mechanics. In order to obtain the classical limit of the three-dimensional hydrogen atom, besides the condition of large (r), they make the uncertainty Delta r=((r 2 )-(r) 2 ) 1/2 a minimum with respect to certain parameters of the coherent state. Imposition of only the first condition leads to an elliptical orbit, which is not a Kepler orbit in general. Imposition of both conditions leads to an orbit identical with that of the two-dimensional hydrogen atom. However, the time evolution of the expectation values of position variables are consistent with the corresponding results of the Kepler problem only for small values of eccentricity, but not in general.