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NUCLEATION OF VORTEX RINGS

A. F. Borghesani

Published May 31, 2007• 1 citation
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract This chapter examines the wealth of experiments on the nucleation of vortex rings in the vicinity of the giant discontinuity. The nucleation in pure superfluid and in dilute isotopic mixtures has been investigated and three main models have been theoretically developed to interpret the experimental data: the peeling, the girdling, and the fluctuation models. The effects of isotopic impurities, high fields, and high pressures have been investigated and the results are described. The more recent experiments have elucidated the mechanisms of vortex nucleation, including the roton emission at velocities exceeding the Landau critical velocity and the possibility of macroscopic quantum tunnelling over a barrier. The enormous influence of isotopic impurities is also described.

DOI
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199213603.003.0009

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Abstract This chapter examines the wealth of experiments on the nucleation of vortex rings in the vicinity of the giant discontinuity. The nucleation in pure superfluid and in dilute isotopic mixtures has been investigated and three main models have been theoretically developed to interpret the experimental data: the peeling, the girdling, and the fluctuation models. The effects of isotopic impurities, high fields, and high pressures have been investigated and the results are described. The more recent experiments have elucidated the mechanisms of vortex nucleation, including the roton emission at velocities exceeding the Landau critical velocity and the possibility of macroscopic quantum tunnelling over a barrier. The enormous influence of isotopic impurities is also described.
We describe an experiment which indicates that the addition of He3{\mathrm{He}}^{3}He3 impurities to superfluid helium has a pronounced effect on the velocity at which negative ions produce vorticity (vortex rings). The He3{\mathrm{He}}^{3}He3 impurities have no effect, however, on the creation of vorticity by positive ions.
Abstract At higher electric fields, the drifting ions are not in thermal equilibrium with the gas of the elementary excitations of the superfluid, and the mobility depends on the field. This chapter presents the experimental results of the ion mobility in the superfluid at higher fields and larger temperatures. The field dependence of the mobility is explained in terms of roton scattering in presence of an enhanced roton density around the charge. Emphasis is given on the discovery of the giant mobility discontinuity at which the excess energy is dissipated by ions creating quantized vortex rings. Ions are captured by them and drift together as a new, single unit called a charged vortex ring. The puzzling issue of the drift velocity discontinuities is also addressed.
Abstract This chapter describes the phenomena observed when the drift field is large enough for ions to escape capture by vortex rings. The electric field dependence of the ion drift velocity at high fields can be interpreted in terms of a sequence of trapping and detrapping events. At very high field, ions can drift without being captured by vortex rings, and eventually they may reach velocities in excess of the Landau critical velocity for roton emission. The breaking of the roton barrier is described in great detail because of its importance. It is the first time that a macroscopic critical velocity has been reached in the superfluid by a moving object. The microscopic size of the ions has allowed this impressive goal to be reached.
We review some recent developments in the theory of rotating atomic gases. These studies have thrown light on the process of nucleation of vortices in regimes where mean-field methods are inadequate. In our review, we shall describe and compare quantum vortex nucleation of a dilute ultracold bosonic gas trapped in three different configurations: a one-dimensional ring lattice, a one-dimensional ring superlattice and a two-dimensional asymmetric harmonic trap. In all of them, there is a critical rotation frequency, at which the particles in the ground state exhibit strong quantum correlations. However, the entanglement properties vary significantly from case to case. We explain these differences by characterizing the intermediate states that participate in the vortex nucleation process. Finally, we show that noise correlations are sensitive to these differences. These new studies have, therefore, shown how novel quantum states may be produced and probed in future experiments with rotating neutral atom systems.
We review some recent developments in the theory of rotating atomic gases. These studies have thrown light on the process of nucleation of vortices in regimes where mean-field methods are inadequate. In our review we shall describe and compare quantum vortex nucleation of a dilute ultracold bosonic gas trapped in three dif-ferent configurations: a one-dimensional ring lattice, a one-dimensional ring super-lattice and a two-dimensional asymmetric harmonic trap. In all of them there is a critical rotation frequency, at which the particles in the ground state exhibit strong quantum correlations. However, the entanglement properties vary significantly from case to case. We explain these differences by characterizing the intermediate states that participate in the vortex nucleation process. Finally, we show that noise corre-lations are sensitive to these differences. These new studies have, therefore, shown how novel quantum states may be produced and probed in future experiments with rotating neutral atom systems.