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Cambridge University Press eBooks

Quantum-Mechanical Features in Terms of the Logic of the Physical System

Enrico G. Beltrametti, Gianni Cassinelli, Peter Carruthers

Published Dec 28, 1984• 0 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1017/cbo9781107340725.020

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Quantum mechanics is empirically unrivalled, yet the origin of its distinctive non-classical features remains a foundational question. This paper proves, within the unchanged standard quantum formalism, that these features—collectively termed “quantumness”—arise if and only if certain configurations of the system are indistinguishable in principle. Quantumness is defined as any deviation from classical probability distributions, i.e., probabilities that require coherent amplitude addition rather than incoherent probability addition. Three theorems are established using only the standard Hilbert-space formalism and unitary evolution: 1. Indistinguishability of configurations is necessary and sufficient for quantumness.2. Indistinguishability of identical particles is neither necessary nor sufficient.3. An equivalent restatement in precise operational terms: quantumness occurs exactly when a variable lacks physical definition (distinguishability in principle by macroscopic outcomes). These results are presented and interpreted within the Logical Interpretation of quantum mechanics, a minimalist framework that adds no new postulates and applies classical logic strictly to physically defined facts. The interpretation provides the conceptual tools—particularly the precise notion of “indistinguishability in principle”—that make the theorems sharp and unified. This work unifies the origin of quantumness and serves as the conceptual prequel to the full Logical Interpretation developed in the author’s companion paper.

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Models on the boundary between classical and quantum mechanics

Gerard ’t Hooft

Arguments that quantum mechanics cannot be explained in terms of any classical theory using only classical logic seem to be based on sound mathematical considerations: there cannot be physical laws that require 'conspiracy'. It may therefore be surprising that there are several explicit quantum systems where these considerations apparently do not apply. In this report, several such counterexamples are shown. These are quantum models that do have a classical origin. The most curious of these models is superstring theory. So now the question is asked: how can such a model feature 'conspiracy', and how bad is that? Is there conspiracy in the vacuum fluctuations? Arguments concerning Bell's theorem are further sharpened.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences•Jun 29, 2015•13 citations
Quantum mechanics is empirically unrivalled, yet the origin of its distinctive non-classical features remains a foundational question. This paper proves, within the unchanged standard quantum formalism, that these features—collectively termed “quantumness”—arise if and only if certain configurations of the system are indistinguishable in principle. Quantumness is defined as any deviation from classical probability distributions, i.e., probabilities that require coherent amplitude addition rather than incoherent probability addition. Three theorems are established using only the standard Hilbert-space formalism and unitary evolution: 1. Indistinguishability of configurations is necessary and sufficient for quantumness.2. Indistinguishability of identical particles is neither necessary nor sufficient.3. An equivalent restatement in precise operational terms: quantumness occurs exactly when a variable lacks physical definition (distinguishability in principle by macroscopic outcomes). These results are presented and interpreted within the Logical Interpretation of quantum mechanics, a minimalist framework that adds no new postulates and applies classical logic strictly to physically defined facts. The interpretation provides the conceptual tools—particularly the precise notion of “indistinguishability in principle”—that make the theorems sharp and unified. This work unifies the origin of quantumness and serves as the conceptual prequel to the full Logical Interpretation developed in the author’s companion paper.
In a recent work [S. Asthana. New Journal of Physics 24.5 (2022): 053026], we have shown the interrelation of different nonclassical correlations in multiqubit systems with quantum coherence in a single logical qubit. In this work, we generalize it to higher-dimensional systems. For this, we take different choices of logical qudits and logical continuous-variable (cv) systems in terms of their constituent physical qudits and physical cv systems. Thereafter, we show reciprocity between conditions for coherence (in logical qudits and logical cv systems) and conditions for nonlocality and entanglement (in their underlying constituent qudits and cv systems). This shows that a single nonclassicality condition detects different types of nonclassicalities in different physical systems. Thereby, it reflects the interrelations of different nonclassical features of states belonging to Hilbert spaces of nonidentical dimensions.
Arguments that quantum mechanics cannot be explained in terms of any classical theory using only classical logic seem to be based on sound mathematical considerations: there cannot be physical laws that require 'conspiracy'. It may therefore be surprising that there are several explicit quantum systems where these considerations apparently do not apply. In this report, several such counterexamples are shown. These are quantum models that do have a classical origin. The most curious of these models is superstring theory. So now the question is asked: how can such a model feature 'conspiracy', and how bad is that? Is there conspiracy in the vacuum fluctuations? Arguments concerning Bell's theorem are further sharpened.