III. "Hidden Variables" Versus "Phenomenon" and Complementarity

David Favrholdt

Andrei Yu. Khrennikov

The hidden variable project realized by Bell contradicts the uncertaintyand complementarity principles. The inequalities derived with Bell’s hidden variablesare violated for quantum observables. Thus, Bell’s hidden variables shouldbe rejected and the validity of quantum theory is confirmed. (This foundationalachievement deserved the Nobel Prize in 2022.) This scientific loop,ignorance of the uncertainty and complementarity principles – hidden variablesmodel – Bell’s inequalities – their violation – reestablishing the validityof the uncertainty and complementarity principles, was stimulating for quantumfoundations. However, Bohr and Heisenberg might say that such resultscan be expected from the very beginning. For them, the uncertainty andcomplementarity principles form the basis of quantum physics. And theycan’t be rejected, since they are the consequences of the so-called quantum postulate– the existence of an indivisible quantum of action given by Planck’sconstant h. The quantum postulate is the ontological basis of quantum theory.I formulated its epistemic counterpart in the form of the principle ofquantum action invariance.

Radim Filip

Abstract Bell's inequality violation in the which‐way experiment, demonstrating duality between visibility and distinguishability, is analyzed with taking to account the decoherence in the interferometer and which‐way detector. Consequently, boundary of local hidden variable explanation of quantum complementarity is discussed, and usefulness of the collective tests reveling hidden nonlocality is demonstrated.

F. Pollini

Huang Zheng-xin

Bell's inequalities(1964) provides a quantitative criterion to test the local hidden variable theory(LHVT) versus quantum mechanics(QM).For the first time,it leads to the possibility to experimentally distinguish LHVT and QM.So far,there have been tens of experiments ever since the first experiment by Clauser et al(1972).An overwhelming majority of these experiments are in good agreement with the predictions of QM yet violate those of LHVT.Some loopholes in these experiments are discussed in Section I,followed by a respective summary to 12 experiments between 1972 to 1982 and 31 experiments from 1985 and on in Sections II and III.It is finally pointed out that so far there is not a single experiment to close both the locality loophole and the detection loophole at the same time,but the experimental outcomes are irreversible.Accordingly,theoretical physicists must admit that the present physics foundation is broken,i.e.quantum mechanics is contradiction with special relativity.