Nonlinear versus Linear Quantum Mechanics

Gilbert Reinisch

Pang Xiao‐feng, Feng Yuan-Ping

Linear Quantum Mechanics (LQM): Its Successes and Problems Macroscopic Quantum Effects and Properties of Motion of Quasiparticles The Fundamental Principles and Theories of Nonlinear Quantum Mechanics Wave-Corpuscle Duality of Microscopic Particles (MIP) in the NLQM Nonlinear Interaction and Localization of the MIP Nonlinear Versus Linear Quantum Mechanics The Problems Solving in the NLQM Properties and States of the MIP in Different Nonlinear Systems Nonlinearly Quantum-Mechanical Properties of the Excitons and Phonons Properties of Nonlinear Excitations and Motions for Protons, Polarons and Magnons in Different Systems.

Zakarias Laberg Hejlesen

A. Davidson

Remarkably we find that for a ring with linear boundary conditions such that the eigenvector and its derivative are continuous, there does not seem to be a way for the well-known de Broglie relation to be gauge invariant. Certain nonlinear boundary conditions assure gauge invariance, and lead to eigenfunctions with a discontinuous but differentiable phase and a continuous spectrum. A discrete subset of this spectrum forms a Hilbert space, while another subset is excluded by the nonlinear boundaries. We conclude that discontinuous momentum eigenfunctions are tenable, and that it is possible that quantum mechanics can have nonlinear boundary conditions in some circumstances.

Pang Xiao Feng

Wm. C. McHarris

In recent years we have suggested that many of the so-called paradoxes resulting from the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics could well have more logical parallels based in nonlinear dynamics and chaos theory. Perhaps quantum mechanics might not be strictly linear as has been commonly postulated, and indeed, during the past year experimentalists have discovered signatures of chaos in a definitely quantum system. As an illustration of what can go wrong when quantum effects are forced into a linear interpretation, I examine Bell-type inequalities. In conventional derivations of such inequalities, classical systems are found to impose upper limits on the statistical correlations between, say, the properties of a pair of separated but entangled particles, whereas quantum systems allow greater correlations. Numerous experiments have upheld the quantum predictions (greater statistical correlations than allowed classically), which has led to inferences such as the instantaneous transmission of information between effectively infinitely separated particles — Einstein's "spooky action-at-a-distance," incompatible with relativity. I argue that there is nothing wrong with the quantum mechanical side of such derivations (the usual point of attack by those attempting to debunk Bell-type arguments), but implicit in the derivations on the classical side is the assumption of independent, uncorrelated particles. As a result, one is comparing uncorrelated probabilities versus conditional probabilities rather than comparing classical versus quantum mechanics, making moot the experimental inferences. Further, nonlinear classical systems are known to exhibit correlations that can easily be as great as and overlap with quantum correlations — so-called nonextensive thermodynamics with its nonadditive entropy has verified this with numerous examples. Perhaps quantum mechanics does contain fundamental nonlinear elements. Nonlinear dynamics and chaos theory could well provide a bridge between the determinism so dear to Einstein and the statisical interpretation of the Copenhagen school. Einstein and Bohr both could have been right in their debates.