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SpringerBriefs in physics

Collective Plasmon-Modes in Gain Media

V.A.G. Rivera, O. B. Silva, Yannick Ledemi, Younès Messaddeq, Euclydes Marega Jr.

Published Sep 3, 2014• 19 citations
Publisher
DOI
10.1007/978-3-319-09525-7

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This article investigates a spaser geometry in which a silver nanoparticle is enclosed by \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type three-level gain media in the form of quantum dots. An intense Gaussian pump pulse induces population transfer in this \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type quantum dot gain medium. The transition energy from the gain medium is transferred to the nearby localized surface-plasmon (LSP) mode of the silver nanoparticle, resulting in a highly intense and coherent generation of LSPs. We demonstrate that an optimum value of pump-pulse width and pulse amplitude is required for an intense and coherent LSP generation. A Gaussian pump pulse can lead to Gaussian-shape temporal and spectral LSP profiles. However, as the pump pulse broadens, the Gaussian-shape LSP profile gets distorted, resulting in less intense and asymmetric temporal as well as spectral profiles. In practice, detuning typically exists between the pump frequency and the transition frequency of the quantum dot energy levels. Consequently, employing adiabatic rapid passage phenomena through a linearly chirped Gaussian pulse emerges as an effective technique for ensuring robust population transfer within the energy levels of the quantum dots. This further enhances the number of LSPs. Furthermore, the study addresses the effect of detuning noise in the output of the spaser system. Thus, a shaped pump pulse also enables manipulation of the temporal and spectral profiles of LSPs.

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We present results of our theoretical research on collective emission of photons (super- and subradiance) and photon propagation in photonic environments.Just like the single-atom emission, collective emission depends on the photonic environment. For quantum emitters in layered media, we study whether surface plasmons can enhance collective emission, especially for emitters at distances smaller than an optical wavelength.A common approximation in quantum optics is the rotating-wave approximation in the light-matter interaction. We show that in general multi-atom emission rates depend on the approximation, but exceptions exist. Interatomic interactions induced by the electromagnetic field are given by the classical Green tensor, but only when not making the rotating-wave approximation.As a final example of quantum electromagnetics, we describe photons propagating through a layered medium with alternating loss and gain, so-called loss-compensated media. There is no analogous compensation of the quantum noise associated with loss and gain media.
The study of optical effects in active media is rich with unexpected consequences. For instance, one may imagine that absorption and amplification in a dielectric medium will exhibit some sort of symmetry because both are related to the same imaginary part of the dielectric constant, except for a sign change. It turns out that such a symmetry does not exist [1]. This issue has also been investigated in detail for random or disordered gain media, with varying viewpoints [2]. Traditionally, much of the research on amplifying media has considered the interaction of light within the entire volume of such a medium. Recent interest in metamaterials and other esoteric structures in which plasmons are used to manipulate optical signals has brought attention to the role of surface waves in active dielectrics [3, 4]. From a fundamental perspective, the main difference between active and passive media is that spontaneous emission cannot be avoided in gain media. As a result, a rigorous analysis of gain media demands a quantum-mechanical treatment. Spontaneous emission in a gain medium depends not only on the material properties of that medium but also on the optical modes supported by the structure containing that material [5]. By a clever design of this structure (e.g., photonic crystals or microdisk resonators with a metallic cladding), it is possible to control the local density of optical modes and the spontaneous emission process itself. In Chapter 4, we discuss how to model a gain medium under such conditions by deploying optical Bloch equations.
This article investigates a spaser geometry in which a silver nanoparticle is enclosed by \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type three-level gain media in the form of quantum dots. An intense Gaussian pump pulse induces population transfer in this \ensuremath{\Lambda}-type quantum dot gain medium. The transition energy from the gain medium is transferred to the nearby localized surface-plasmon (LSP) mode of the silver nanoparticle, resulting in a highly intense and coherent generation of LSPs. We demonstrate that an optimum value of pump-pulse width and pulse amplitude is required for an intense and coherent LSP generation. A Gaussian pump pulse can lead to Gaussian-shape temporal and spectral LSP profiles. However, as the pump pulse broadens, the Gaussian-shape LSP profile gets distorted, resulting in less intense and asymmetric temporal as well as spectral profiles. In practice, detuning typically exists between the pump frequency and the transition frequency of the quantum dot energy levels. Consequently, employing adiabatic rapid passage phenomena through a linearly chirped Gaussian pulse emerges as an effective technique for ensuring robust population transfer within the energy levels of the quantum dots. This further enhances the number of LSPs. Furthermore, the study addresses the effect of detuning noise in the output of the spaser system. Thus, a shaped pump pulse also enables manipulation of the temporal and spectral profiles of LSPs.