A theory of electron-counting processes is formulated in terms of the Liouville space method. The developed model is based on the quantum Markov processes developed by Davies and Srinivas. The time evolution of an electron system interacting with an electron counter and the counting probability distribution are investigated. The average value, fluctuation, and correlation function of the electron number registered by the counter are calculated, and the sub-Poissonian distribution and antibunching correlation of the electrons are obtained for an arbitrary noncorrelated initial state of electrons. For a correlated initial state, depending on the initial correlation among the electrons and on the electron counters used in the measurement, the statistics for the electron number registered by the counter is characterized as a sub-Poissonian, Poissonian, or super-Poissonian distribution, and the intensity correlation function exhibits antibunching or bunching correlation. As an example, the state with correlation between the up-spin and down-spin electrons is considered. The electron counting processes under the influence of a chaotic electron source are also considered, and the effect of the chaotic electron source on the counting statistics is investigated.A theory of electron-counting processes is formulated in terms of the Liouville space method. The developed model is based on the quantum Markov processes developed by Davies and Srinivas. The time evolution of an electron system interacting with an electron counter and the counting probability distribution are investigated. The average value, fluctuation, and correlation function of the electron number registered by the counter are calculated, and the sub-Poissonian distribution and antibunching correlation of the electrons are obtained for an arbitrary noncorrelated initial state of electrons. For a correlated initial state, depending on the initial correlation among the electrons and on the electron counters used in the measurement, the statistics for the electron number registered by the counter is characterized as a sub-Poissonian, Poissonian, or super-Poissonian distribution, and the intensity correlation function exhibits antibunching or bunching correlation. As an example, the state with correlation between the up-spin and down-spin electrons is considered. The electron counting processes under the influence of a chaotic electron source are also considered, and the effect of the chaotic electron source on the counting statistics is investigated.

Physical Review AMay 1, 19949 citations

Correlated coherent states

V. V. Dodonov, E.V. Kurmyshev, Vladimir I. Man’ko

Jan 1, 198610 citations

Transitions between electronic states

Patrick W. M. Jacobs

Cambridge University Press eBooksOct 18, 20050 citations

Generation of nonclassical photon states via free electron scattering

Germaine Arend, Armin Feist, Jan-Wilke Henke +9 more

Nonclassical states of light, such as photon number states, are crucial in multiple regions of quantum technology. However, many states are still difficult to achieve. A potential new source of quantum states is free electron scattering. Especially coherent, parametric cathodoluminescence preserves the quantum phase between free electrons and light and enables wavelength tuning. Here, we demonstrate the generation of nonclassical multiphoton states via coherent cathodoluminescence, correlating electrons and photons in time and energy. We characterize the electron-heralded photons, observing the correlation between the electron energy loss and generated photon number and measuring an antibunching behavior in the electron-heralded optical intensity correlation. In the future, this combination of cathodoluminescence and correlation detection may form a versatile source of complex quantum photon states.Nonclassical states of light, such as photon number states, are crucial in multiple regions of quantum technology. However, many states are still difficult to achieve. A potential new source of quantum states is free electron scattering. Especially coherent, parametric cathodoluminescence preserves the quantum phase between free electrons and light and enables wavelength tuning. Here, we demonstrate the generation of nonclassical multiphoton states via coherent cathodoluminescence, correlating electrons and photons in time and energy. We characterize the electron-heralded photons, observing the correlation between the electron energy loss and generated photon number and measuring an antibunching behavior in the electron-heralded optical intensity correlation. In the future, this combination of cathodoluminescence and correlation detection may form a versatile source of complex quantum photon states.

Quantum Computing, Communication, and SimulationMar 19, 20250 citations

Universal on-top description of electron correlation in the ground and excited many-electron states with correlon quasiparticles

Mohammad Reza Jangrouei, Katarzyna Pernal, O. V. Gritsenko

On-top conditional correlation functions of many-electron theory are rearranged into a set of correlon quasiparticles representing the local effect of electron correlation in the ground and excited states. An individual correlon is characterized with a one-particle wave function, the imaginary part of which (or covalent correlon) gives the amplitude of the on-top depletion of the (conditional electron) charge (ODC) due to (strong) electron correlation. In its turn, the real part (ionic correlon) gives the amplitude of the on-top accumulation of the (electron) charge (OAC) due to the ionic squeezing of electrons. The proposed correlon theory is applied to analyze the local correlation effects in the ground and first excited states of the hydrogen molecule as well as of the equidistant and alternate linear hydrogen chains from ${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ to ${\mathrm{H}}_{12}$ . The covalent and ionic correlons obtained at the multiconfigurational self-consistent-field level of correlated functions are demonstrated to be the robust descriptors of the covalency of the ground and the ionicity of the excited ${\mathrm{H}}_{n}$ states.On-top conditional correlation functions of many-electron theory are rearranged into a set of correlon quasiparticles representing the local effect of electron correlation in the ground and excited states. An individual correlon is characterized with a one-particle wave function, the imaginary part of which (or covalent correlon) gives the amplitude of the on-top depletion of the (conditional electron) charge (ODC) due to (strong) electron correlation. In its turn, the real part (ionic correlon) gives the amplitude of the on-top accumulation of the (electron) charge (OAC) due to the ionic squeezing of electrons. The proposed correlon theory is applied to analyze the local correlation effects in the ground and first excited states of the hydrogen molecule as well as of the equidistant and alternate linear hydrogen chains from ${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$ to ${\mathrm{H}}_{12}$. The covalent and ionic correlons obtained at the multiconfigurational self-consistent-field level of correlated functions are demonstrated to be the robust descriptors of the covalency of the ground and the ionicity of the excited ${\mathrm{H}}_{n}$ states.

Physical Review ANov 25, 20203 citations

Insulating states of correlated electrons

Douglas J. Scalapino, Robert L. Sugar, R. M. Noack +4 more

Journal of Low Temperature PhysicsMay 1, 19951 citation

{\mathrm{H}}_{4}

{\mathrm{H}}_{12}

. The covalent and ionic correlons obtained at the multiconfigurational self-consistent-field level of correlated functions are demonstrated to be the robust descriptors of the covalency of the ground and the ionicity of the excited

{\mathrm{H}}_{n}

states.