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Revista de la Sociedad Colombiana de Física

Función de Wigner y Decoherencia Cuántica para Sistemas Átomo-Campo en Cavidades QED

Juan Pablo Cuartas, Herbert Vinck Posada, Boris A. Rodríguez

Published Jan 1, 2009• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

ABSTRACT: The processes of quantum decoherence in QED cavities have been extensively studied in the last decade, both experimentally by Haroche, Raimond et. al., as theoretically by Nemes, Davidovich et. to the. We present here the dynamics of the Wigner function for a system consisting of a two-level atom and a cavity in a dissipative environment, using a numerical integration scheme that allows us to consider initial Squeezed and Schrodinger's Cat States. The interaction between the atom and the single-mode field is considered by a dispersive model, that is, the interaction in the Hamiltonian of Jaynes-Cummings appears as a small disturbance. The interest is focused both on the quantum characteristics of the dispersive approach (preparation of mesoscopic states) and on the aspects that characterize dynamics and dissipation. In particular, the gradual loss of quantum coherence is observed through the use of the Wigner function, where the disappearance of the interference regions of the initial quantum states is evidenced.

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•Jan 1, 2005•0 citations
ABSTRACT: The processes of quantum decoherence in QED cavities have been extensively studied in the last decade, both experimentally by Haroche, Raimond et. al., as theoretically by Nemes, Davidovich et. to the. We present here the dynamics of the Wigner function for a system consisting of a two-level atom and a cavity in a dissipative environment, using a numerical integration scheme that allows us to consider initial Squeezed and Schrodinger's Cat States. The interaction between the atom and the single-mode field is considered by a dispersive model, that is, the interaction in the Hamiltonian of Jaynes-Cummings appears as a small disturbance. The interest is focused both on the quantum characteristics of the dispersive approach (preparation of mesoscopic states) and on the aspects that characterize dynamics and dissipation. In particular, the gradual loss of quantum coherence is observed through the use of the Wigner function, where the disappearance of the interference regions of the initial quantum states is evidenced.
We found analytically the exact joint Wigner function (WF) of an atom-field system described by the Jaynes-Cummings model in the dispersive limit for a given initial state. Using the solution of a master equation with a dissipative term calculated by Peixoto de Faria and Nemes (Peixoto de Faria J G and Nemes M C 1999 Phys. Rev. A 59 3918) and a general expression for the joint WF proposed by Czirják and Benedict (Czirják A and Benedict M G 1996 Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 8 975), we obtained the exact reduced atom and field WFs and analysed their time evolution. Our results show that, at the maximum entanglement times, the atom tends to a statistical mixture state represented by a spherical polar plot. Also, the atomic WF shows how fast the negative-valued part disappears as a function of dissipation constant and the strength of the field coherent state.
We propose an experimental setup, feasible with present day technology, involving two highquality- factor cavities, one Ramsey zone and a two-level atom which interacts with them. The dynamics in the cavities is modeled by a dissipative dispersive Jaynes-Cummings model. Analytical expresions for the evolution superoperator in each part of the proposed setup and for the concurrence between the atom and the first cavity are given, and the pairwise entanglement of the subsystems is calculated numerically. We consider initial separable states given by the tensor product of a superposition of the two atomic relevant states and coherent states for the fields. We show that for realistic model parameters (including dissipation), when the dissipation rates are smaller than the dispersive frequencies (the ratio between the squared vacuum Rabi frequencies and the detunings), the final state of the cavity fields remains entangled.
We suggest a quantum state reconstruction scheme. Our proposal is applicable to the field inside a microwave cavity as well as to the harmonic motion of a trapped atom. It will be shown that the inversion of two-level atoms after a resonant interaction with a coherently displaced quantum state is directly related to the Wigner characteristic function of the initial state. This method neither requires the preparation of atoms in a quantum superposition of the upper and lower energy levels nor heavy numerical processing of the measured data. We demonstrate the reconstruction scheme for the example of a Schr\"odinger-cat superposition state.
We consider the dynamics of an atom–field system in a cavity described by means of the Jaynes–Cummings model in the dispersive limit, assuming that the electromagnetic field is interacting with a squeezed, or phase-sensitive, reservoir. After obtaining the solution of the master equation in terms of Wigner functions, we do an analysis of the system evolution and its asymptotical behaviour in terms of the so-called Mandel Q parameter and the linear entropies of the total system and the reduced system, associated with field and atom.
The two-atom correlation scheme originally proposed by Davidovich, Brune, Raimond, and Haroche for measuring the decoherence of a mesoscopic superposition of coherent states of a QED cavity field is shown to be equivalent to a quantum computer solving Deutsch's problem. Using the existing analysis of decoherence in the Master equation formalism, and other important losses in this system, the final probability for obtaining the correct result for the computation is found in terms of the time period between atom traversals, the number of photons in the cavity, and the precision of the atomic velocity. The error due to decoherence in this system amounts to a phase error, and in the Master equation approach is a linear effect at small time scales. By explicitly considering the dynamics of the decoherence process when the system is coupled to a bath of oscillators with finite mode cutoff the error due to decoherence is found to decrease significantly and becomes a quadratic effect at short-time scales.
Due to the improvement within cavity quantum electrodynamics experiments during the last decades, what was former seen as 'toy models' are today realized in laboratories. A controlled isolated coherent evolution of one or a few atoms coupled to a single mode inside a cavity is achievable. Such systems are well suited for studying purely quantum mechanical effects, and also for performing quantum gates, necessary for quantum computing. The Jaynes-Cummings model has served as a theoretical description of the interaction. However, as the experimental techniques are improved, for example, atom cooling, the use of multi-level atoms or multi-modes and driving of atoms or elds by external lasers, extensions of the original Jaynes-Cummings model are needed. In this thesis we study some of these extended models, and in particular multi-level models, time-dependent models and quantized motion models. Both analytical and numerical analysis are considered. The two-level structure of the Jaynes-Cummings model leads to applications of known solvable time-dependent two-level Schrödinger equations. In other cases, di erent forms of adiabatic approximate solutions are used, and with the analytically solvable models, the amplitudes of non-adiabatic contributions may be estimated. For higher dimensional systems, STIRAP and multi-STIRAP methods are applied. It is shown how the time-dependent models may be used for preparation of various kinds of non-classical states, and also to generate universal sets of quantum gates, both on atomic and eld qubits. When the atoms are cooled to very low temperatures, their velocities must be treated quantum mechanically, and we have studied the dynamics of such cases for di erent coupling shapes. Again numerical and analytical approaches have been used and compared, wave-packet propagations of the atom, approaching and traversing the cavity, have been performed. For periodic couplings, standing wave cavity modes, the dynamics has been described by e ective parameters; group velocity or atomic index of refraction and effective mass. Tunneling resonances for ultra cold atoms have been exhibited in the STIRAP models for certain initial conditions.