Quantum Measurements.- Quantum mechanics of macroscopic systems and measurement processes.- The haunted measurement in quantum theory.- A quantum-statistical model of quantum measurement.- Potential and real states in quantum mechanics.- Wave function collapse in the ensemble interpretation.- Nonlinear models for quantum-mechanical measurements.- Meaning and measurability of nonlocal quantum states.- New Developments of Quantum Theory.- The mathematical expression of the uncertainty principle.- Quantization of Hamiltonian theories based on a probability operator.- Classical to quantum: A generalized phase transition.- Quantum description of microscopic and microscopic systems: Old problems and recent investigations.- Towards a process formalism in quantum physics.- A generalized Schroedinger formalism from a Hamiltonian flow in a higher dimensional space.- How the nonlinear phenomena impose the reinterpretation of quantum mechanics.- On the equivalence between the superposition principle and a global gauge invariance.- Meanings of Quantum Theory.- The 2-photon elementary quantum phenomenon and spacetime structure.- Causality as indentified with conditional probability and the quantal nonseparability.- Realism versus positivism: An attempt at reconcilement in the Einstein-Bohr debate.- Four-dimensional realism and waves carrying physical data codedly as keys to understandable models.- Testing interpretations of quantum mechanics.- On the relation between the recent new statistical prediction of quantum mechanics by Albert, Aharonov, and D'Amato, the EPR reasoning, and Bell's Inequality.- Beyond quantum theory: A realist psycho-biological interpretation of physical reality.- Locality, causality, quantum events, and all that.- The Einstein-Bohr debate: I. The background.- Contingency and lawfulness: Conditions for encounter.- Epr Paradox: Critical Examinations.- Towards a realist theory of measurement.- The tacit postulate on single events and the comparison of classical and quantum spin correlation experiments.- Weak realism for pairs of correlated systems.- Comments on EPR, locality and reality.- The EPR and the proposal of action at a distance.- The discription of separated systems and quantum mechanics and a possible explanation for the probabilities of quantum mehanics.- Against dualism: An observation concerning non-locality.- Bell's theorem: A note on locality.- EPR paradox considered as a criticism of the statevector reduction in the quantum mechanical description of correlated separated systems.- EPR and the strange nature of the quantum state or why I can live with EPR.- Why the EPR paradox has been resolved in favor of Einstein.- Probability and the way out of the great quantum muddle.- Where lies the mistake in the clauser and Home proof of Bell's theorem?.
Quantum mechanics is often thought to be a difficult subject to understand, not only in the complexity of its mathematics but also in its conceptual foundation. In this paper we emphasize students' depictions of the uncertainty principle and wave-particle duality of quantum events, phenomena that could serve as a foundation in building an understanding of quantum mechanics. A phenomenographic study was carried out to categorize a picture of students' descriptions of these key quantum concepts. Data for this study were obtained from a semistructured in-depth interview conducted with undergraduate physics students (
N=25) from Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. The phenomenographic data analysis revealed that it is possible to construct three qualitatively different categories to map students' depictions of the concept wave-particle duality, namely, (1) classical description, (2) mixed classical-quantum description, and (3) quasiquantum description. Similarly, it is proposed that students' depictions of the concept uncertainty can be described with four different categories of description, which are (1) uncertainty as an extrinsic property of measurement, (2) uncertainty principle as measurement error or uncertainty, (3) uncertainty as measurement disturbance, and (4) uncertainty as a quantum mechanics uncertainty principle. Overall, we found students are more likely to prefer a classical picture of interpretations of quantum mechanics. However, few students in the quasiquantum category applied typical wave phenomena such as interference and diffraction that cannot be explained within the framework classical physics for depicting the wavelike properties of quantum entities. Despite inhospitable conceptions of the uncertainty principle and wave- and particlelike properties of quantum entities in our investigation, the findings presented in this paper are highly consistent with those reported in previous studies. New findings and some implications for instruction and the curricula are discussed.
Abstract Security enhancement and bandwidth increase are requirements of ultrafast future optical code division networks that also minimise the latency at nodes without distressing the traffic performance. In OCDMA systems, eavesdropper tries to breach the optical code, and encoded/encrypted data in order to get correct code word of legitimate user. For security enhancement, an ultra high speed 4×100 Gbps two dimensional Diagonal identity matrix (2D-DIM) code and four input single output (FISO) all optical logic gate (AOLG) with private key encryption is proposed and its performance in terms of security is analyzed. Expressions for synchronous and asynchronous transmissions are derived for proposed work and it is perceived that asynchronous transmission has better security. Further performance/security analysis is carried out for different scenarios such as with/without FISO, with 1D-DIM/2D-DIM codes, using 4×1 AND gate/NOR gate in terms of correct code detection rate (CCDR), max. eye amplitude (MEA), Received Q factor, Signal to noise ratio (SNR) at different launched power levels for legitimate user and eavesdropper. Eavesdropper attacked the proposed system but due to FISO layering, private key encryption, and 2D-DIM codes, cannot get acceptable level of CCDR. To the best of author’s knowledge, proposed system is ultra high speed with enhanced security and no reported studies have investigated security enhancement at this much ultra high speed.