In recent years, there has been much synergy between the exciting areas of quantum information science and ultracold atoms. This volume, as part of the proceedings for the XCI session of Les Houches School of Physics (held for the first time outside Europe in Singapore) brings together experts in both fields. The theme of the school focused on two principal topics: quantum information science and ultracold atomic physics. The topics ranged from Bose-Einstein condensates to degenerate Fermi gases to fundamental concepts in quantum information sciences, including some special topics on quantum Hall effects, quantum phase transition, interactions in quantum fluids, disorder and interference phenomenoma, trapped ions and atoms, and quantum optical devices.
In recent years, there has been much synergy between the exciting areas of quantum information science and ultracold atoms. This volume, as part of the proceedings for the XCI session of Les Houches School of Physics (held for the first time outside Europe in Singapore) brings together experts in both fields. The theme of the school focused on two principal topics: quantum information science and ultracold atomic physics. The topics ranged from Bose-Einstein condensates to degenerate Fermi gases to fundamental concepts in quantum information sciences, including some special topics on quantum Hall effects, quantum phase transition, interactions in quantum fluids, disorder and interference phenomenoma, trapped ions and atoms, and quantum optical devices.
Abstract This volume introduces the basic concepts of Bose–Einstein condensation and superfluidity. It makes special reference to the physics of ultracold atomic gases; an area in which enormous experimental and theoretical progress has been achieved in the last twenty years. Various theoretical approaches to describing the physics of interacting bosons and of interacting Fermi gases, giving rise to bosonic pairs and hence to condensation, are discussed in detail, both in uniform and harmonically trapped configurations. Special focus is given to the comparison between theory and experiment, concerning various equilibrium, dynamic, thermodynamic, and superfluid properties of these novel systems. The volume also includes discussions of ultracold gases in dimensions, quantum mixtures, and long-range dipolar interactions.
Quantum computers, although not yet available on the market, will revolutionise the future of information processing. Already now, quantum computers of special purpose, i.e., quantum simulators, are within reach. The physics of ultracold atoms, ions, and molecules offers unprecedented possibilities of control of quantum many systems, and novel possibilities of applications for quantum information and quantum metrology. Particularly fascinating is the possibility of using ultracold atoms in lattices to simulate condensed matter or even high energy physics. This book provides a comprehensive overview of ultracold lattice gases as quantum simulators, an interdisciplinary field involving atomic, molecular, and optical physics; quantum optics; quantum information; and condensed matter and high energy physics. It includes some introductory chapters on basic concepts and methods, and focuses on the physics of spinor, dipolar, disordered, and frustrated lattice gases, before reviewing in detail artificial lattice gauge fields with ultracold gases. The last part of the book moves onto a discussion of possible implementations universal quantum computers with ultracold atoms. After a crash course in quantum information theory, several models of quantum computation with ultracold gases are presented, as well as the current understanding of condensed matter from a quantum information perspective. The book ends with the general discussion of various detection methods that are unique for ultracold atoms.
From time to time in physics, single technical achievements have spawned an explosion of research activity and have led to the genesis of entirely new avenues of investigation. Precisely this occurred in the field of quantum gases - the topic of this Focus Issue - following the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute alkali gas in 1995. These experiments built on the foundational work on quantum fluids in dense systems, such as superfluid helium, and the technical achievements of laser cooling in atomic physics. Dilute quantum gases have already proved to be an incredibly fertile ground for exploring a wide range of macroscopic quantum phenomena. The rapid pace of experimental discovery and theoretical advance is evident and every year continues to bring significant achievements. A great advantage is that microscopic observations can be made directly and compared with the predictions of many-body theoretical formulations founded on interaction parameters which are completely determined - something which is not possible in their dense fluid counterparts. This Focus Issue brings together papers which cover many of the topical aspects of quantum gases: optical lattices, quantum degenerate fermions, quantum atom optics, molecular Bose-Einstein condensation, vorticity, and quantum fluctuations in systems of reduced dimensionality. One pervasive theme is the flexibility which arises from the ability to control the interactions, even dynamically if necessary. In quantum gases, this can be effected in two ways, either by changing the internal nature of the pairwise potentials by a Feshbach resonance, or by changing the nature of external potentials in which the atoms are confined and supported against gravity. The external potential may be used to spin gases to high vorticity, imprint on the system a periodic optical lattice potential, or even change the effective dimensionality. Optical lattices are particularly well represented in this Focus Issue. This is where there is the strongest connection with the physics of solids and strongly correlated fluids. Interest in optical lattices is partly due to the recent experimental demonstration that in these systems one can study the quantum phase transition from a Mott insulator, where the atoms are localized to individual sites of the optical potential, to a superfluid phase with long-range order. In contrast to a condensed matter system, the transition can be easily dynamically controlled since it is induced by simply varying the depth of the optical potential. Another area of focused interest is in fermionic gases where there is an ongoing effort, both experimentally and theoretically, to observe and characterize the high-temperature superfluid transition that should occur with enhanced pairwise interactions. If realized, this quantum system would allow experimental investigation of the crossover from Bose-Einstein condensation of dilute weakly-interacting composite bosons to the superconducting-like transition that occurs in a system of weakly interacting fermions. The topics of this Focus Issue represent well the building blocks of quantum gas studies which should allow the exploration of a wide range of macroscopic quantum phenomena in a highly controllable and clean system in which the effects of disorder may be completely absent. Given the recent progress, it will be intriguing to see where this field leads in the future. Focus on Quantum Gases Contents Anisotropic dissipation of superfluid flow in a periodically dressed Bose-Einstein condensate D M Stamper-Kurn Rapidly rotating Bose-Einstein condensates in anharmonic potentials G M Kavoulakis and Gordon Baym Feshbach resonances and collapsing Bose-Einstein condensates J N Milstein, C Menotti and M J Holland Three-body recombination of cold fermionic atoms H Suno, B D Esry and Chris H Greene Bogoliubov spectrum and Bragg spectroscopy of elongated Bose-Einstein condensates C Tozzo and F Dalfovo Quantum atom optics with Bose-Einstein condensates Klaus Mølmer Creation of effective magnetic fields in optical lattices: the Hofstadter butterfly for cold neutral atoms D Jaksch and P Zoller The Josephson frequency of resonantly coupled atomic and molecular condensates R A Duine and H T C Stoof Superfluid current disruption in a chain of weakly coupled Bose–Einstein condensates F S Cataliotti, L Fallani, F Ferlaino, C Fort, P Maddaloni and M Inguscio Bright matter wave solitons in Bose–Einstein condensates K E Strecker, G B Partridge, A G Truscott and R G Hulet Spin dynamics for bosons in an optical lattice Juan José García-Ripoll and Juan Ignacio Cirac Mean field ground state of a spin-1 condensate in a magnetic field Wenxian Zhang, Su Yi and Li You Atom resonant tunnelling through a moving barrier M L Chiofalo, M Artoni and G C La Rocca Local correlations in a strongly interacting one-dimensional Bose gas D M Gangardt and G V Shlyapnikov Shift of the molecular bound state threshold in dense ultracold Fermi gases with Feshbach resonance R Combescot Landau damping in trapped Bose condensed gases B Jackson and E Zaremba An exact reformulation of the Bose–Hubbard model in terms of a stochastic Gutzwiller ansatz Iacopo Carusotto and Yvan Castin Chemical potential standard for atomic Bose–Einstein condensates Sigmund Kohler and Fernando Sols The short-distance first-order correlation function of the interacting one-dimensional Bose gas Maxim Olshanii and Vanja Dunjko The relation between the Gross–Pitaevskii and Bogoliubov descriptions of a dilute Bose gas A J Leggett Superfluidity of Bose–Einstein condensate in an optical lattice: Landau–Zener tunnelling and dynamical instability B Wu and Q Niu Density-optimized efficiency for magneto-optical production of a stable molecular Bose–Einstein condensate Matt Mackie, Anssi Collin, Kalle-Antti Suominen and Juha Javanainen A two-atom picture of coherent atom–molecule quantum beats Bogdan Borca, D Blume and Chris H Greene Superfluid dynamics of a Bose–Einstein condensate in a periodic potential C Menotti, A Smerzi and A Trombettoni Phase diagram of two-component bosons on an optical lattice Ehud Altman, Walter Hofstetter, Eugene Demler and Mikhail D Lukin Murray J Holland University of Colorado at Boulder, USA
Since an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate, predicted by Einstein in 1925, was first produced in the laboratory in 1995, the study of ultracold Bose and Fermi gases has become one of the most active areas in contemporary physics. This book explains phenomena in ultracold gases from basic principles, without assuming a detailed knowledge of atomic, condensed matter, and nuclear physics. This new edition has been revised and updated, and includes new chapters on optical lattices, low dimensions, and strongly-interacting Fermi systems. This book provides a unified introduction to the physics of ultracold atomic Bose and Fermi gases for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as experimentalists and theorists. Chapters cover the statistical physics of trapped gases, atomic properties, cooling and trapping atoms, interatomic interactions, structure of trapped condensates, collective modes, rotating condensates, superfluidity, interference phenomena, and trapped Fermi gases. Problems are included at the end of each chapter.
Bose-Einstein condensation is an exciting physical phenomenon. It was predicted in 1924 and experimentally produced in 1995 using powerful laser cooling techniques. Bose condensed gases become one of most emerging field of modern physics, embracing many area namely atomic and molecular physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, quantum optics, and condensed matter physics. The advent of these quantum degenerate gases opens intriguing prospects for precision measurements, quantum information, and novel phases of matter. The book presents a new thorough theory treating Bose condensed gases at finite temperatures with extremely distinct background. The approach proved useful, efficient and successful as a theoretical mean to study all aspects of ultracold gases at finite temperatures. Equilibrium and dynamic properties, superfluidity and vortices, anomalous correlations, quantum mixtures and long range interactions are among the topics covered in this book. The book is written in a pedagogical style and features sufficient elementary background material. It can be therefore, accessible to all scientists from graduate students to senior researchers in cold atoms physics.