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Physics World

Quantum cryptography takes to the air

Richard Hughes, J. E. Nordholt

Published May 1, 1999• 17 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Cryptography has had a long and distinguished history of military and diplomatic use dating back to the ancient Greeks. But secure communications are becoming increasingly important for commercial applications as well. In 1986, for instance, a satellite television broadcast in the US was interrupted by a message from a hacker known as “Captain Midnight”. The incident highlighted how easy it was for an unauthorized party to gain control of a satellite system, and sparked a massive criminal investigation. It also motivated researchers to find new ways of ensuring that messages transmitted to and from satellites remain secret.

DOI
10.1088/2058-7058/12/5/30

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Cryptography has had a long and distinguished history of military and diplomatic use dating back to the ancient Greeks. But secure communications are becoming increasingly important for commercial applications as well. In 1986, for instance, a satellite television broadcast in the US was interrupted by a message from a hacker known as “Captain Midnight”. The incident highlighted how easy it was for an unauthorized party to gain control of a satellite system, and sparked a massive criminal investigation. It also motivated researchers to find new ways of ensuring that messages transmitted to and from satellites remain secret.
Cryptography—the art of code-making—has a long history of military and diplomatic applications, dating back to the Babylonians. In World War II, the Allies' feat of breaking the legendary German code Enigma contributed greatly to their final victory. Nowadays, cryptography is becoming increasingly important in commercial applications for electronic business. Sensitive data such as credit card numbers and personal identification numbers (PINs) are routinely transmitted in encrypted form. Quantum mechanics is a new tool for both code-breakers and code-makers in their eternal arms race. It has the potential to revolutionize cryptography both by creating perfectly secure codes and by breaking standard encryption schemes.
For thousands of years, code-makers and code-breakers have been competing for supremacy. Their arsenals may soon include a powerful new weapon: quantum mechanics. Cryptography — the art of code-making — has a long history of military and diplomatic applications, dating back to the Babylonians. In World World Two, the Allies ’ feat of breaking the legendary German code, Enigma, contributed greatly to the final Allied victory. Nowadays, cryptography is becoming increasingly important in commercial applications for electronic business and electronic commerce. Sensitive data such as credit card numbers and personal identification numbers (PINs) are routinely transmitted in encrypted form. Quantum mechanics is a new tool for both code-breakers and code-makers in their eternal arms race. It has the potential to revolutionize cryptography both by creating perfectly secure codes and by breaking standard encryption schemes. The most well-known application of cryptography is secure communication [1]. Suppose Alice would like to send a message to Bob, but there is an eavesdropper, Eve, who is wiretapping the channel. To prevent Eve from knowing the message, Alice and Bob may perform encryption, i.e., transform the message to something that is not intelligible to Eve during the communication. On receiving the message, Bob inverts the transformation and recovers the message (see figure 1). Bob’s advantage over Eve lies in his knowledge of a secret, commonly called the key, that he shares with Alice. The key tells him how to decode the message. For example: The rumble of Soviet tanks shook the Prague hotel room (number 117) as secret agent John Blond finished decoding his orders from his superior N. He tore the used page from the codebook and immediately burned it with his lighter. Blond is using a perfectly unbreakable cipher, a “one-time pad. ” The secret codebook allows N and Blond to share a long secret binary string — the key —
Abstract Human desire to communicate secretly is at least as old as writing itself and goes back to the beginnings of our civilisation. Methods of secret communication were developed by many ancient societies, including those of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China, but details regarding the origins of cryptology remain unknown (Kahn 1967). We know that it was the Spartans, the most warlike of the Greeks, who pioneered military cryptography in Europe. Around 400 BC they employed a device known as a scytale. The device, used for communication between military commanders, consisted of a tapered baton around which was wrapped a spiral strip of parchment or leather containing the message. Words were then written lengthwise along the baton, one letter on each revolution of the strip. When unwrapped, the letters of the message appeared scrambled and the parchment was sent on its way. The receiver wrapped the parchment around another baton of the same shape and the original message reappeared.
The word cryptography originates from two Greek words: kryptos (secret) and graphein (writing). Thus cryptography is the art of communicating a message in secret manner or in other words, it is the art of rendering a message unintelligible to any unauthorized party. Its history is very old and exciting. From the beginning of human civilization there was a need to hide information from unauthorized people. This need gave birth to cryptography. Initial cryptographic protocols were very simple. With time they have become much more sophisticated and secure. However, all the classical cryptographic protocols developed so far are secure under some assumptions. In contrast, the protocols of quantum cryptography are unconditionally secure. This particular aspect of quantum cryptography makes it very interesting. This chapter aims to provide a flavor of the intrinsic beauty of various aspects of secure quantum communication. Before we start a journey into the fascinating world of secure quantum communication, it would be apt to become familiar with the jargon used in this field and also with some interesting protocols of classical cryptography. Let us first do that.