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Input-output picture based on the modes of the universe: applications to squeezed light

Sudhakar Prasad, Marlan O. Scully, Krzysztof Wódkiewicz

Published May 21, 1990• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

The recent realizations of squeezed states and phase-noise quenching via correlated spontaneous emission have sharpened the question of the relationship of quantum noise inside and outside a transmitting cavity. Although many authors1 have succeeded in demonstrating that the degree of quantum noise reduction in the transmitted field can be quite different from (and even much larger than) that in the intracavity field, a rigorous yet simple physical picture of the reasons for this curious fact has not emerged.

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The recent realizations of squeezed states and phase-noise quenching via correlated spontaneous emission have sharpened the question of the relationship of quantum noise inside and outside a transmitting cavity. Although many authors1 have succeeded in demonstrating that the degree of quantum noise reduction in the transmitted field can be quite different from (and even much larger than) that in the intracavity field, a rigorous yet simple physical picture of the reasons for this curious fact has not emerged.
In the preceding paper we developed a formalism based on the true modes of the universe containing a leaky cavity to analyze the relationship of quantum noise inside that cavity to that outside. We illustrate this formalism here by studying several active systems. We analyze both an ordinary laser and a laser operating in the phase-locked regime. We calculate the extracavity quadrature variances for the phase-locked laser and find that the spectrum of noise reduction in the squeezed quadrature is Lorentzian. Our formalism is also applied to a two-photon correlated-spontaneous-emission laser. We find the familiar result that with 50% squeezing in the phase quadrature of the field inside the cavity, one has nearly 100% phase squeezing outside the cavity. However, under different conditions the phase quadrature of the intracavity field is nearly perfectly squeezed, but the extracavity field shows almost no squeezing in its phase quadrature. We also analyze the effect of finiteness of measurement time on the extracavity quadrature variances.
For a leaky cavity driven by an active medium, we clarify the connection between the concepts of single-quasimode squeezing (for the intracavity field) and spectral squeezing (for the input and output fields). Our analysis is based on a rigorous construction of the Fox-Li quasimodes of an empty cavity by a superposition of the true modes of a perfect, large (infinitely large in the limit) cavity which fully subsumes the leaky cavity. To illustrate the physical importance of spectral squeezing (as defined here and as used by other authors), we consider a novel model of a microscopic system that is sensitive to the generalized quadratures of the field. We obtain a simple picture of the reasons why the quantum-noise reduction is in general different inside and outside the cavity. An important special case of our picture is that if the intracavity field is perfectly squeezed, then the output field shows no squeezing at all. Our considerations apply to a wide class of systems, examples of which are discussed in the companion paper.
We investigate two schemes for the efficient conversion of coherent input light into bright-squeezed output light. Both schemes utilize strong signal and weak probe fields, interacting with three-level ladder-configuration atoms inside optical cavities. The schemes differ in the resonance requirements of the cavities and produce noise suppression for quite different tuning regimes. Quantum-noise reduction is a consequence of the dressing of the atoms with two coherent fields. By tuning the probe light in the right fashion, spontaneous emission from the excited state can be made to counteract signal-light intensity fluctuations.