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Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics

Nonlinear vortex-phonon interactions in a Bose–Einstein condensate

José Tito Mendonça, Fernando Haas, A. Gammal

Published Jun 24, 2016• 5 citations
Publisher

Abstract

Abstract We consider the nonlinear coupling between an exact vortex solution in a Bose–Einstein condensate and a spectrum of elementary excitations in the medium. These excitations, or Bogoliubov–de Gennes modes, are indeed a special kind of phonons. We treat the spectrum of elementary excitations in the medium as a gas of quantum particles, sometimes also called bogolons . An exact kinetic equation for the bogolon gas is derived, and an approximate form of this equation, valid in the quasi-classical limit, is also obtained. We study the energy transfer between the vortex and the bogolon gas, and establish conditions for vortex instability and damping.

DOI
10.1088/0953-4075/49/14/145302

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Abstract We consider the nonlinear coupling between an exact vortex solution in a Bose–Einstein condensate and a spectrum of elementary excitations in the medium. These excitations, or Bogoliubov–de Gennes modes, are indeed a special kind of phonons. We treat the spectrum of elementary excitations in the medium as a gas of quantum particles, sometimes also called bogolons . An exact kinetic equation for the bogolon gas is derived, and an approximate form of this equation, valid in the quasi-classical limit, is also obtained. We study the energy transfer between the vortex and the bogolon gas, and establish conditions for vortex instability and damping.
Abstract A general approach to equilibrium and oscillations in a turbulent Bose–Einstein condensate, valid in the mean-field approximation, is proposed. Two different wave equations, describing the quasi-static equilibrium and the elementary excitations of the medium are derived. In particular, it is shown that a modified Thomas–Fermi equilibrium can be defined in the presence of an arbitrary spectrum of oscillations. The oscillating modes are also determined using Bogoliubov–de Gennes (BdG) equations, valid in different geometrical configurations, such as infinite, cylindrical and toroidal. The case of a non-homogenous density is considered, which includes the modified equilibrium profiles. A general form of dispersion relation for the elementary excitations is derived. Twisted phonons, carrying a finite amount of angular momentum, are shown to be a particular class of BdG modes. They were previously derived from fluid equations. Nonlinear analysis also shows that envelope dark solitons can exist, and correspond to a rarefaction of twisted phonons.
Bose–Einstein condensation represents a quintessential manifestation of quantum mechanics at macroscopic scales, where a dilute gas of bosonic atoms undergoes a phase transition to form a coherent matter wave. This study presents a comprehensive theoretical investigation of collective excitations and critical phenomena in interacting Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs). Beginning with the Gross–Pitaevskii equation , we develop the Bogoliubov theory of excitations yielding the spectrum , where is the free-particle energy and characterizes contact interactions. The spectrum reveals phonon behavior at low momenta with sound velocity , transitioning to free-particle dispersion at momenta exceeding the inverse healing length . Collective modes in harmonically trapped condensates are analyzed in the Thomas–Fermi regime, yielding breathing mode frequency and quadrupole frequency . Damping mechanisms including Landau damping ( ) and Beliaev damping ( ) are characterized. The Lee–Huang–Yang correction extends the equation of state beyond mean field. Critical phenomena near are analyzed within the 3D XY universality class, with critical exponents , , and the interaction-induced shift with . All predictions show excellent agreement with experimental measurements on ultracold atomic gases.
We investigate low-energy collective excitations in Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) with a single-vortex line or many vortices by using the microscopic theory based on the Bogoliubov-Popov formalism. The paper is divided into the following two section: (i) We first study the damping process of the quadrupole modes in a three-dimensional cigar-shaped BEC. The selective excitation of such the modes occurs during the rotation of the condensate in the opposite or same direction relative to a vortex velocity field. The dramatic change of the damping process of these modes is explained by the linear response theory. It is proposed that Kelvin modes play a leading part in the decay process of the quadrupole excitation. These results are quantitatively compared with the recent experiment on 87 Rb by Bretin et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 100403 (2003)]. (ii) In addition, the complete spectrum of the collective excitations in vortex-lattice states is obtained by solving the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equation in a two-dimensional disk-shaped BEC. We also discuss the frequency shift of totally symmetric and twofold symmetric Tkachenko modes.
We consider elementary excitations in a Bose Einstein condensate, carrying a finite amount of angular momentum. We show that these elementary excitations are modified Bogoliubov oscillations, or phonons with an helical wave structure. These twisted phonon modes can contribute to the total vorticity in a quantum fluid, thus complementing the contribution of the traditional quantum vortices. Linear and nonlinear versions of twisted phonon modes will be discussed. New envelope soliton solutions are shown to exist in a condensate.
Like classical fluids, quantum gases may suffer from hydrodynamic instabilities. Our paper develops a quantum version of the classical stability analysis in fluids, the Bogoliubov theory of elementary excitations in unstable Bose-Einstein condensates. In unstable condensates the excitation modes have complex frequencies. We derive the normalization conditions for unstable modes such that they can serve in a mode decomposition of the non-condensed component. Furthermore, we develop approximative techniques to determine the spectrum and the mode functions. Finally, we apply our theory to a sonic white hole and find that the spectrum of unstable modes is intrinsically discrete.