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Bulletin of the American Physical Society

Single-shot high-resolution heterodyne detection of millimeter wave superradiance in Rydberg-Rydberg transitions

David Grimes, Susanne F. Yelin, Timothy Barnum, Yan Zhou, Steven L. Coy, Robert W. Field

Published May 26, 2016• 0 citations
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Physical Review Letters•Sep 26, 2011•27 citations
We have directly detected millimeter-wave (mm-wave) free-space superradiant emission from Rydberg states (principal quantum number $n\ensuremath{\sim}30$) of barium atoms in single-shot experiments. We trigger the cooperative effects with a weak initial pulse and detect the time-dependent amplitude and phase of the emitted radiation with single-shot sensitivity and 20 ps time resolution. This allows measurement and shot-by-shot analysis of the statistical distribution of decay rates, time delays, and time-dependent frequency shifts. Cooperative line shifts and decay rates are observed that exceed the 250 kHz Doppler width by a factor of 20 and the 50 Hz spontaneous emission rate by a factor of 105{10}^{5}105.
Transitions between Rydberg states of Ca atoms, in a pulsed, supersonic atomic beam, are directly detected by chirped-pulse millimeter-wave spectroscopy. Broadband, high-resolution spectra with accurate relative intensities are recorded instantly. Free induction decay (FID) of atoms, polarized by the chirped pulse, at their Rydberg-Rydberg transition frequencies, is heterodyne detected, averaged in the time domain, and Fourier transformed into the frequency domain. Millimeter-wave transient nutations are observed, and the possibility of FID evolving to superradiance is discussed.