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Increasing Quantum Limited Sensitivity of Interferometers Using Electromagnetically Induced Transparency

H. Rew

Published Jan 1, 2016• 0 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

We explore the properties of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and its applications as a frequency filter in the field of gravitational wave interferometry. Through modeling and simulation, we determine parameters for atom-light configurations of multi- state atoms which will theoretically allow for transmission frequencies and intensities of squeezed light in a range suitable for increasing sensitiviy levels in gravitational wave interferometers. This corresponds to contrasts greater than 50% and linewidths of 100 Hz or less. We produce EIT experimentally and characterize the distributions by fitting them to a generalized Lorentzian. The largest contrast observed is 3.9% with a linewidth of 657 Hz. The smallest linewidth observed is 202 Hz with a contrast of 0.84%.

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•Jan 1, 2013•1 citation
We explore the properties of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) and its applications as a frequency filter in the field of gravitational wave interferometry. Through modeling and simulation, we determine parameters for atom-light configurations of multi- state atoms which will theoretically allow for transmission frequencies and intensities of squeezed light in a range suitable for increasing sensitiviy levels in gravitational wave interferometers. This corresponds to contrasts greater than 50% and linewidths of 100 Hz or less. We produce EIT experimentally and characterize the distributions by fitting them to a generalized Lorentzian. The largest contrast observed is 3.9% with a linewidth of 657 Hz. The smallest linewidth observed is 202 Hz with a contrast of 0.84%.
We study the effects of frequency-dependent squeeze-amplitude attenuation and squeeze-angle rotation by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) on gravitational-wave (GW) interferometers. We propose the use of low-pass, bandpass, and high-pass EIT filters, an S-shaped EIT filter, and an intracavity EIT filter to generate frequency-dependent squeezing for injection into the antisymmetric port of GW interferometers. We find that the EIT filters have several advantages over the previous filter designs with regard to optical losses, compactness, and the tunability of the filter linewidth.
Atom interferometer measurements are affected by the amount of quantum noise from the laser used to detect atoms. To improve the quantum limited sensitivity of interferometers, there needs to be a way to reduce the amount of quantum noise. Light is composed of two quadratures, where the product of the noise in each quadrature cannot be below a minimum threshold set by the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. However, the noise in one quadrature can be reduced at the expense of the other. This form of light is referred to as “squeezed light.” Squeezed light can be produced using four-wave mixing (FWM). Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is an interference phenomenon that occurs when a three-level atom is driven by a coherent field that makes a non-linear medium transparent to the probing field and holds a great deal of similarities to FWM. This thesis developed a theoretical framework that describes the measurement of atomic states and associated noise when quantum light is used to drive the atom and lays the groundwork to produce squeezed light through developing an experiment to produce EIT, as well as discussing the similarities between EIT and FWM to create and further study FWM for improved atom interferometry.
We report the experimental realization of squeezed quantum states of light, tailored for new applications in quantum communication and metrology. Squeezed states in a broad Fourier frequency band down to 1 Hz have been observed for the first time. Nonclassical properties of light in such a low frequency band are required for high efficiency quantum information storage in electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) media. The states observed also cover the frequency band of ultra-high precision laser interferometers for gravitational wave detection and can be used to reach the regime of quantum non-demolition interferometry. Furthermore, they cover the frequencies of motion of heavy macroscopic objects and might therefore support attempts to observe entanglement in our macroscopic world.
We report the experimental realization of squeezed quantum states of light, tailored for new applications in quantum communication and metrology. Squeezed states in a broad Fourier frequency band down to 1 Hz have been observed for the first time. Nonclassical properties of light in such a low frequency band are required for high efficiency quantum information storage in electromagnetically induced transparency ( EIT) media. The states observed also cover the frequency band of ultra-high precision laser interferometers for gravitational wave detection and can be used to reach the regime of quantum non-demolition interferometry. Furthermore, they cover the frequencies of motion of heavy macroscopic objects and might therefore support attempts to observe entanglement in our macroscopic world.
Nearly a century after Einstein first predicted the existence of gravitational waves, a global network of Earth-based gravitational wave observatories 1-4 is seeking to directly detect this faint radiation using precision laser interferometry. Photon shot noise, due to the quantum nature of light, imposes a fundamental limit on the attometre-level sensitivity of the kilometre-scale Michelson interferometers deployed for this task. Here, we inject squeezed states to improve the performance of one of the detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) beyond the quantum noise limit, most notably in the frequency region down to 150 Hz, critically important for several astrophysical sources, with no deterioration of performance observed at any frequency. With the injection of squeezed states, this LIGO detector demonstrated the best broadband sensitivity to gravitational waves ever achieved, with important implications for observing the gravitational-wave Universe with unprecedented sensitivity.
The ability to directly detect gravitational waves will open a completely new branch of astronomy to view the Universe, one that is inaccessible to electromagnetic-based astronomy. First generation ground-based interferometric gravitational-wave detectors have achieved strain sensitivities of order one part in ten to the twenty-one, at 100 Hz detection frequency. A new generation of detectors are under construction, designed to improve on the sensitivity of the first-generation detectors by a factor of 10. The quantum nature of light will broadly limit the sensitivity of these new instruments. This quantum noise will originate from the quantum vacuum fluctuations that enter the unused port of the interferometer. One of the most promising options for reducing the quantum noise impact and further increasing the sensitivity is applying quantum squeezed vacuum states. These squeezed states have lower noise in one quadrature than the vacuum state. By replacing the quantum vacuum fluctuations entering the interferometer with squeezed vacuum states, the quantum noise impact is reduced. This thesis firstly details the development of a squeezed light source that produces squeezed states applicable for enhancing interferometric gravitational-wave detectors. A doubly-resonant, travelling-wave bow-tie cavity squeezed light source is presented. For the first time, greater than 10 dB of quantum noise suppression across the gravitational-wave detection band is directly observed, and 11.6 dB of quantum noise suppression is observed above 200 Hz. This squeezing cavity design also has benefits with intrinsic isolation to backscattered light. Experiments that quantify this isolation are reported. The properties affecting squeezing magnitude and low-frequency squeezing measurement are discussed. In addition, a modified squeezing-ellipse-phase control technique for squeezed vacuum states is presented. This thesis secondly presents results from the LIGO Squeezed Light Injection Experiment, undertaken to test squeezed light injection into a 4 km interferometric gravitational-wave detector. The results of the experiment show the first measurement of squeezing-enhancement in a 4 km gravitational-wave detector, with 2.15 dB measured above 250 Hz. This represents the best sensitivity to gravitational waves yet achieved at these frequencies by any single gravitational-wave detector to date. An unknown area was whether the addition of a squeezer would introduce noise couplings that degrade the crucial low frequency sensitivity. The results demonstrate that injected squeezed states are compatible with low frequency gravitational-wave measurement. The characterisation of squeezing-injection optical losses and fluctuations of the squeezing angle are also reported. The knowledge and processes gained, from both the squeezed light source development work and the LIGO Squeezed Light Injection Experiment, will inform the design, planning and implementation of squeezed states in future gravitational-wave detectors.