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GROUP-THEORETICAL FORMALISM OF QUANTUM-MECHANICS AND CLASSICAL-QUANTUM CORRESPONDENCE

Yingfei Gu

Published Jan 1, 1992• 2 citations
OpenAlex

Abstract

This article presents a mathematical framework for group-theoretical formalism of quantum mechanics and discusses the geometric quantization of the classical systems associated with a Lie group. The classical-quantum correspondence is realized by identifying quantum observable algebra and its classical analogue with the set of distributions with compact supports on a Lie group and on the associated Lie algebra respectively, both having a convolution-type associative algebraic structure. The general mathematical constructs are illustrated by studying systems associated with the Heisenberg-Weyl group. It is shown that the exponential mapping from Heisenberg-Weyl algebra to the corresponding Lie group gives Weyl quantization.

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This article presents a mathematical framework for group-theoretical formalism of quantum mechanics and discusses the geometric quantization of the classical systems associated with a Lie group. The classical-quantum correspondence is realized by identifying quantum observable algebra and its classical analogue with the set of distributions with compact supports on a Lie group and on the associated Lie algebra respectively, both having a convolution-type associative algebraic structure. The general mathematical constructs are illustrated by studying systems associated with the Heisenberg-Weyl group. It is shown that the exponential mapping from Heisenberg-Weyl algebra to the corresponding Lie group gives Weyl quantization.
We sketch a group-theoretical framework, based on the Heisenberg–Weyl group, encompassing both quantum and classical statistical descriptions of unconstrai-ned, non-relativistic mechanical systems. We redefine in group-theoretical terms a kinematical arena and a space of statistical states of a system, achieving a unified quantum-classical language and an elegant version of the quantum-to-classical transition. We briefly discuss the structure of observables and dynamics within our framework. KEY WORDS: quantum mechanics; classical limit; Heisenberg–Weyl group. 1.
We review the geometrical formulation of quantum mechanics to identify, according to Klein's programme, the corresponding group of transformations. For closed systems, it is the unitary group. For open quantum systems, the semigroup of Kraus maps contains, as a maximal subgroup, the general linear group. The same group emerges as the exponentiation of the C*-algebra associated with the quantum system, when thought of as a Lie algebra. Thus, open quantum systems seem to identify the general linear group as associated with quantum mechanics and moreover suggest to extend the Klein programme also to groupoids. The usual unitary group emerges as a maximal compact subgroup of the general linear group.
Introduction One of the most influencial contributions of H ermann W eyl to mathematical physics has been his paper Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik [W e 27] from 1927 and its extended version, the book [W e 28] which was published a year later and carries the same title. The main topic of this part of H ermann W eyl's work is the mathematics of quantum mechanics. After the fundamental papers by H eisenberg and S chrödinger on the foundations of quantum mechanics had appeared in the twenties of the last century this was the central question studied in mathematical physics at that time and which to a certain degree still is present in all attempts to construct mathematically rigorous theories unifying quantum mechanics and general realtivity. In his article Gruppentheorie und Quantenmechanik , H ermann W eyl essentially introduced two novel aspects to the mathematics of quantum mechanics, namely the following: (i) The representation theory of (compact) Lie groups on Hilbert spaces was applied to mathematically determine atomic spectra. (ii) A conceptually clear quantization method was proposed which associates quantum mechanical operators to classical observables which mathematically are represented by appropriate functions of the space and momentum variables. Nowadays, this quantization scheme is named after his inventor Weyl quantization. In this paper I will elaborate only on the second aspect, since the representation theory of compact Lie groups has already been covered in detail in other contributions to these proceedings.
A "minimal" generalization of Quantum Mechanics is proposed, where the Lagrangian or the action functional is a mapping from the (classical) states of a system to the Lie algebra of a general compact Lie group, and the wave function takes values in the corresponding group algebra. This formalism admits a probability interpretation and a suitable dynamics, but has no obvious classical correspondence. Allowing the Lagrangian or the action functional to take values in a general Lie algebra instead of only the real number field (actually the u(1) algebra) enlarges the extent of possible physical laws that can describe the real world. The generalized quantum dynamics of a point particle in a background gauge field is given as an example, which realizes the gauge invariance by a Wilson line structure and shows that some Schrodinger-like equation can be deduced within this formalism. Some possible developments of this formalism are also discussed.
Introduction The main theme of this survey is the quantization of classical mechanical systems in terms of algebraic geometry. The aim is thus to relate questions of mathematics and theoretical physics. We first recall briefly the main problems and methods which turn us to study the new subject. Quantization itself is the main problem of theoretical physics. The need to introduce and develop it was dictated by the creators of quantum theory. According to the ‘Copenhagen philosophy’, the physical predictions of a quantum theory must be formulated in terms of classical concepts (the first sentence of Woodhouse; here we quote the beginning of this survey). Thus in addition to the usual structures (Hilbert space, unitary transformations, selfadjoint operators …, see, for example, Landau and Lifschitz) any reasonable quantum theory has to admit an appropriate passage to a classical limit under which quantum observables are transferred to their classical analogues. However, as Dirac pointed out at the beginning of the quantum age, the correspondence between quantum theory and classical theory should be based not just on numerical coincidences taking place in the limit h → ∞, but on an analogy between their mathematical structures. Classical theory does approximate the quantum theory, but it does more – it supplies a framework for some interpretation of quantum theory. Using this idea, we can in general understand a quantization procedure as a correspondence between classical and quantum theories. In this sense, quantization of the classical mechanical systems is a movement in one direction, while taking the quasiclassical limit goes in the opposite direction.